explain nitrogen cycle , carbon cycle, oxygen cycle
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Nitrogen cycle:- the series of processes by which nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted in the environment and in living organisms, including nitrogen fixation and decomposition.
Carbon cycle:- The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone.
Oxygen cycle:- The Oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the total content of biological matter within the biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems), and the lithosphere (Earth's crust).
Carbon cycle:- The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone.
Oxygen cycle:- The Oxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the total content of biological matter within the biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems), and the lithosphere (Earth's crust).
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Nitrogen cycle:
Nitrogen is used by all organisms to make proteins and nucleic acids therefore it is essential to life. The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation whereby nitrogen gas is "fixed" or changed into more useful compounds by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Nitrogen gas is reduced to ammonia which dissolves to form ammoniun ions. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme nitrogenase and requires a significant amount of energy is the form of 15 molecules of ATP. The nitrogen fixing bacteria live in the soil but are particularly abundant in the roots of leguminous plants e.g. peas.
The next stage is nitrification whereby nitrifying bacteria can oxidise (losing electrons) ammonia to nitrate in two parts. Firstly, forming nitrite ions then nitrate ions. This reaction releases energy which the bacteria utilise.
During ammonification, saprobiotics break down protein to detritus to form ammonia in two stage. Firstly they break down proteins to amino acids using extracellular protease enxzymes. Next they remove amino groups from amino acids using deaminase enzymes to produce ammonia.
Lastly, dentrification is the anaerobic process that converts nitrates to nitrogen gas which are then lost to the air. The cycle then begins again.
Carbon cycle:
The carbon cycle is the circulation and transformation of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment. Carbon is an element, something that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Other examples of elements are oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, iron, and hydrogen. Carbon compounds are present in living things like plants and animals and in nonliving things like rocks and soil. Carbon compounds can exist as solids (such as diamonds or coal), liquids (such as crude oil), or gases (such as carbon dioxide). Carbon is often referred to as the "building block of life" because living things are based on carbon and carbon compounds.
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
Source: NASA
Click to enlarge
The amount of carbon on the earth and in Earth's atmosphere is fixed, but that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, always changing into different carbon compounds and moving between living and nonliving things. Carbon is released to the atmosphere from what are called "carbon sources" and stored in plants, animals, rocks, and water in what are called "carbon sinks." This process occurs in a number of steps. In the first step, through photosynthesis (the process by which plants capture the sun's energy and use it to grow), plants take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and release oxygen. The carbon dioxide is converted into carbon compounds that make up the body of the plant, which are stored in both the aboveground parts of the plants (shoots and leaves), and the belowground parts (roots). In the next step, animals eat the plants, breath in the oxygen, and exhale carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide created by animals is then available for plants to use in photosynthesis. Carbon stored in plants that are not eaten by animals eventually decomposes after the plants die, and is either released into the atmosphere or stored in the soil.
Large quantities of carbon can be released to the atmosphere through geologic processes like volcanic eruptions and other natural changes that destabilize carbon sinks. For example, increasing temperatures can cause carbon dioxide to be released from the ocean.
Oxygen cycle:
Oxygen cycle, circulation of oxygen in various forms through nature. Free in the air and dissolved in water, oxygen is second only to nitrogen in abundance among uncombined elements in the atmosphere. Plants and animals use oxygen to respire and return it to the air and water as carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is then taken up by algae and terrestrial green plants and converted into carbohydrates during the process of photosynthesis, oxygen being a by-product. The waters of the world are the main oxygen generators of the biosphere; their algae are estimated to replace about 90 percent of all oxygen used. Oxygen is involved to some degree in all the other biogeochemical cycles. For example, over time, detritus from living organisms transfers oxygen-containing compounds such as calcium carbonates into the lithosphere.
The generalized oxygen cycle.
The generalized oxygen cycle.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Despite the burning of fossil fuel and the reduction of natural vegetation (on land and in the sea), the level of atmospheric oxygen appears to be relatively stable because of the increase in plant productivity resulting from agricultural advances worldwide.
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Nitrogen is used by all organisms to make proteins and nucleic acids therefore it is essential to life. The nitrogen cycle starts with nitrogen fixation whereby nitrogen gas is "fixed" or changed into more useful compounds by nitrogen fixing bacteria. Nitrogen gas is reduced to ammonia which dissolves to form ammoniun ions. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme nitrogenase and requires a significant amount of energy is the form of 15 molecules of ATP. The nitrogen fixing bacteria live in the soil but are particularly abundant in the roots of leguminous plants e.g. peas.
The next stage is nitrification whereby nitrifying bacteria can oxidise (losing electrons) ammonia to nitrate in two parts. Firstly, forming nitrite ions then nitrate ions. This reaction releases energy which the bacteria utilise.
During ammonification, saprobiotics break down protein to detritus to form ammonia in two stage. Firstly they break down proteins to amino acids using extracellular protease enxzymes. Next they remove amino groups from amino acids using deaminase enzymes to produce ammonia.
Lastly, dentrification is the anaerobic process that converts nitrates to nitrogen gas which are then lost to the air. The cycle then begins again.
Carbon cycle:
The carbon cycle is the circulation and transformation of carbon back and forth between living things and the environment. Carbon is an element, something that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance. Other examples of elements are oxygen, nitrogen, calcium, iron, and hydrogen. Carbon compounds are present in living things like plants and animals and in nonliving things like rocks and soil. Carbon compounds can exist as solids (such as diamonds or coal), liquids (such as crude oil), or gases (such as carbon dioxide). Carbon is often referred to as the "building block of life" because living things are based on carbon and carbon compounds.
The Carbon Cycle
The Carbon Cycle
Source: NASA
Click to enlarge
The amount of carbon on the earth and in Earth's atmosphere is fixed, but that fixed amount of carbon is dynamic, always changing into different carbon compounds and moving between living and nonliving things. Carbon is released to the atmosphere from what are called "carbon sources" and stored in plants, animals, rocks, and water in what are called "carbon sinks." This process occurs in a number of steps. In the first step, through photosynthesis (the process by which plants capture the sun's energy and use it to grow), plants take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and release oxygen. The carbon dioxide is converted into carbon compounds that make up the body of the plant, which are stored in both the aboveground parts of the plants (shoots and leaves), and the belowground parts (roots). In the next step, animals eat the plants, breath in the oxygen, and exhale carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide created by animals is then available for plants to use in photosynthesis. Carbon stored in plants that are not eaten by animals eventually decomposes after the plants die, and is either released into the atmosphere or stored in the soil.
Large quantities of carbon can be released to the atmosphere through geologic processes like volcanic eruptions and other natural changes that destabilize carbon sinks. For example, increasing temperatures can cause carbon dioxide to be released from the ocean.
Oxygen cycle:
Oxygen cycle, circulation of oxygen in various forms through nature. Free in the air and dissolved in water, oxygen is second only to nitrogen in abundance among uncombined elements in the atmosphere. Plants and animals use oxygen to respire and return it to the air and water as carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is then taken up by algae and terrestrial green plants and converted into carbohydrates during the process of photosynthesis, oxygen being a by-product. The waters of the world are the main oxygen generators of the biosphere; their algae are estimated to replace about 90 percent of all oxygen used. Oxygen is involved to some degree in all the other biogeochemical cycles. For example, over time, detritus from living organisms transfers oxygen-containing compounds such as calcium carbonates into the lithosphere.
The generalized oxygen cycle.
The generalized oxygen cycle.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Despite the burning of fossil fuel and the reduction of natural vegetation (on land and in the sea), the level of atmospheric oxygen appears to be relatively stable because of the increase in plant productivity resulting from agricultural advances worldwide.
Hope this will be helpful to you...Plz mark it as BRAINLIEST
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