Question

explain the 3rd layer of the soil profile, ( weathered rock material )​

Answer 1

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A soil horizon is a layer parallel to the soil surface, whose physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. Horizons are defined in many cases by obvious physical features, mainly colour and texture. These may be described both in absolute terms (particle size distribution for texture, for instance) and in terms relative to the surrounding material, i.e. ‘coarser’ or ‘sandier’ than the horizons above and below.

The identified horizons are indicated with symbols, which are mostly used in a hierarchical way. Master horizons (main horizons) are indicated by capital letters. Suffixes, in form of lowercase letters and figures, further differentiate the master horizons. There are many different systems of horizon symbols in the world. It should be emphasised that no one system is more correct – as artificial constructs, their utility lies in their ability to accurately describe local conditions in a consistent manner. Due to the different definitions of the horizon symbols, the systems cannot be mixed. Below, some of these systems will be described.

In most soil classification systems, horizons are used to define soil types. Some systems use entire horizon sequences for definition, e.g. the German system[1]. Other systems pick out certain horizons, the “diagnostic horizons”, for the definition, e.g. the World Reference Base for Soil Resources[2] (WRB), the USDA soil taxonomy[3] and the Australian Soil Classification[4]. Diagnostic horizons are usually indicated with names, e.g. the “cambic horizon” or the “spodic horizon”. The WRB, e.g., lists 37 diagnostic horizons. Of course, besides these diagnostic horizons, some other soil characteristics may be needed to define a soil type. Some soils even don’t have a clear development of horizons.

A soil horizon sensu stricto is a result of soil-forming processes (pedogenesis)[5]. Layers that do not have undergone such processes may be simply called “layers”. Some soil scientists use the word layer in a more general way, including the horizons sensu stricto.......

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