Question

explain the changes that took place during the medivel period in religion and culture

Answer 1

Sub-castes: This period was
marked by the migration of
forest- dwellers due to a change
in their habitat. This change in
habitat was due to the clearing of
forests and extension of
agriculture at different paces in
different areas. Those who did
not migrate started tilling the
land and became peasants.
These new peasant groups
slowly began to be influenced by
the regional markets, chieftains,
priests, monasteries and
temples. They became a part of
large, complex societies and
hence had to pay taxes and also
offer the goods and services to
the local lords. Resultantly huge
differences emerged among the
peasants, socially and
economically. Some of them had
big productive land holdings,
cattle and also did some
artisanal work during the lean
season of agriculture.New social
and political groups: The study of
the thousand years from 700 to
1750 is a big challenge for
historians. This is because of the
scale and variety of
developments that took place
during this period.
Some instances of these are as
follows:
Emergence of new
technologies: During this period,
new technologies made their
appearance like the Persian
wheel in irrigation, Spinning
wheel in weaving and Firearms in
combat.New foods and
beverages arrived in the
subcontinent; like potatoes, corn,
chillies, tea and coffee.Economic,
social, political and cultural
changes also took place during
this period. This was a result of
the ideas of people who also
brought new ideas.This was a
period of great mobility, i.e.
groups of people travelled long
distances in search of
opportunities offered by the
subcontinent. The subcontinent
had immense wealth and
opportunities for people to carve
a fortune.
Medieval IndiaLearning
Goals:New political and social
groupsCastes and sub-
castesNew languagesNew
religions
Castes and sub-castes
Castes: Rajputs were a group of
people who became popular
during this time. The name
Rajput is derived from ‘Rajputra’
which means ‘son of the ruler’.
The term was applied more
generally to a group of warriors
during the period between the
eighth century and the fourteenth
century. These groups of warriors
claimed the Kshatriya status.
Functioning of jatis: The conduct
of the members of jatis was
managed by the rules and
regulations framed by the jati.
Region and empire
Large states like those governed
by the Cholas, Tughluqs and
Mughals encompassed many
regions. For example; the Delhi
Sultan Ghiyasuddin Balban was
the ruler of a vast empire that
stretched from Bengal in the east
to Ghazni in Afghanistan in the
west and included all of south
India also. He was a great
conqueror and people of many
regions. According to a
prashashti; in praise of Balban;
Gauda, Andhra, Kerala,
Karnataka and Maharashtra
apparently fled before his armies.
However, this appears to be an
exaggeration.
By 700; many regions possessed
their distinct geographical
dimensions, languages and
culture.
Language and region
In 1318, the great poet Amir
Khusrau noted that there was a
different language in every region
of the subcontinent. Languages
like Lahori, Kashmiri, Sindhi,
Dwarsamudri, Awadhi, etc.
existed in different regions. But
the language Sanskrit did not
belong to any region. It was an
old language and a language not
known to the common man, it
was known only to the
Brahamanas. Some of the
languages that he mentioned
exist even today in those specific
regions whereas some of the
languages have got a different
name today.
Old and new religions
Major developments in religious
traditions took place in these
thousand years i.e. between 700
and 1750. The belief people had
in the divine was sometimes
deeply personal, but more often it
was collective in nature. This
collective belief in religion was
influenced by the social and
economic organization of local
communities. Hence, as the
social worlds of these groups
altered, their beliefs also
changed.
Hinduism
Many major changes took place
during this period in what we call
Hinduism today. These changes
include;
the worship of new
deitiesconstruction of temples by
royalty andthe growing
importance of Brahamanas, the
priests, as dominant groups in
the society. Brahamanas earned
a lot of respect in the society due
to their knowledge of Sanskrit
texts. Their patrons played an
important role in enhancing their
respect in the society.
Another major development
during this period was the
emergence of the idea of bhakti-
of a loving, personal deity that
devotees could reach without the
aid of priests or elaborate rituals.
Emergence of new religions
Islam: The teachings of the holy
Quran were brought by the
merchants and migrants in the
seventh century. Quran is
regarded as the holy book of
Muslims and they accept the
sovereignty of one God Allah.
Many rulers patronized Islam and
the ulama.
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