Explain the chapter............
ROMAN NUMERALS
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Roman Numerals
In Ancient Rome, numbers are written using the letters of the alphabet. These are called Roman numerals. Even today, Roman numerals are still used in the following:
• Books
- volume and chapter numbers are usually in Roman numerals.
• Clocks
- hour marks in some analog and antique clocks are in Roman numerals.
• Names
- suffixes for people sharing the same name across generations or names of pope or monarchs (e.g. King Phillip II) are in Roman numerals.
Wall clock with roman numerals
Not all letters are used in the Roman numeral system. Only seven (7) of them are used, which are as follows:
Seven letters used as roman numerals
Each of the seven letters has an equivalent value.
equivalent values of letters of roman numeral
Familiarizing these letters and their respective values is important in successfully reading and writing Roman numerals.
How to READ Roman numerals?
Even though there are only 7 letters used in the Roman numeral system, the arrangement of these letters is what the corresponding value depends on.
Example 1
CX and XC may have the same letters used but they have different values.
Example 2
CL is a Roman numeral but LC is not.
1. 1. Letters I, X, C, and M can be repeated up to 3 times while the rest(V, L, D) can be used only once.
Always remember that:
• I, X, C, M → multiples of 10 → can be repeated up to 3 times only
• V, L, D→ multiples of 5 →used only once
Example 1.1
Is CCC a Roman numeral?
Example 1.2
Is LL a Roman numeral?
Example 1.3
Is IIII a Roman numeral?
2. Add the values if the letter has a value greater than or equal to the value of the letter next to it.
Take note of this arrangement:
Equivalent values of roman numerals in desc order
The leftmost letter (M) has the greatest equivalent value while the rightmost letter (I) has the smallest equivalent value.
Example 2.1
What is the value of the Roman numeral XV?
Example 2.2
What is the value of the Roman numeral CII?
3. Subtract the values if the letter has a value less than the value of the letter next to it.
Start at the left side and find a pair of letters in which the value of a letter is less than the value of the letter next to it.
The table shows the allowable next letters that have a greater value.
Allowable next letters that have a greater value
Take note that V, L, D, and M should not have letters next to them that have a greater value.
Subtract the smaller value from the greater value. After that, find another pair of letters having the same condition.
Add all the values.
Example 3.1
What is the value of the Roman numeral IX?
Example 3.2
What is the value of the Roman numeral CDIV?
4. A bar line on top of the letter indicates that the value is increased by 1000 times.
Multiply the value of the letter by 1000.
Example 4.1
What is the value of the Roman numeral X¯¯¯X¯?
Example 4.2
What is the value of the Roman numeral IV¯¯¯¯IV¯ ?
Take note that the bar line is applicable for numbers greater than or equal to 4000 .
How to WRITE Roman numerals?
Complete familiarization of the 7 letters and their respective values is vital in writing Roman numerals. Also, taking note of the principles in reading Roman numerals will help verify if it is written correctly.
Let us use the problem below.
Write 92 in Roman numerals.
The following are the stepsin writing Roman numerals:
1. Express the number as a sum.
Use the digits for the sum and take note their respective place value.
Express 92 as a sum
2. Determine the two letters where each number is between.
The two letters where 90 is between
90 is between 50 (which is L) and 100 (which is C).
The two letters where 2 is between
2 is between 1 (which is I) and 5 (which is V).
3. Use addition and subtraction equivalents of the numbers.
For 90,
Addition and subtraction equivalents of the 90
As addition and subtraction parts, the number 10 (X in Roman numeral) is chosen instead of 5 (V) and 1 (I). With these, less numbers are used which results to less letters being used.
For 2,
Addition and subtraction equivalents of the 2
No other Roman numeral which is less than 1, so the number 1 (I in Roman numeral) can be used as addition and subtraction parts.
4. Convert each equivalent into Roman numeral.
Among the two scenarios, only one is valid.
For 90,
Convert 90 to roman numerals
LXXXX is not a Roman numeral since a letter can only repeat up to 3 times only.
Thus, XC is a Roman numeral.
For 2,
Convert 2 to roman numerals
II is a Roman numeral.
The subtraction equivalent is invalid since only a pair of letters is required.
5. 5. Combine the Roman numerals.
Put the Roman numerals next to each other.
Combine the roman numerals
Therefore,
X and XXX