explain the consequences of emergence of nation state in europe.
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Answer:
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to perform actions or impose policies that it would normally not be permitted to undertake. A government can declare such a state during a natural disaster, civil unrest, armed conflict, medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk. Such declarations alert citizens to change their normal behavior and orders government agencies to implement emergency plans. Justitium is its equivalent in Roman law—a concept in which the senate could put forward a final decree (senatus consultum ultimum) that was not subject to dispute.
States of emergency can also be used as a rationale or pretext for suspending rights and freedoms guaranteed under a country's constitution or basic law, sometimes through martial law or revoking habeas corpus. The procedure for and legality of doing so vary by country.Article 15 of European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) allows its 47 member countries to declare a state of emergency "in times of war or other public emergency threatening the life of the nation." Armenia, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Romania have declared state of emergency under Article 15.
The clause does not specify the time limits of the state of emergency and does not introduce measures governments can adopt. Latvia has prohibited exports of medicines needed during its state of emergency while Armenia has banned public events and mass gathering with over 20 people.
Italy and Spain have not invoked the ECHR mechanism but instead declared state of emergency based their own constitutions. According to their laws, the declaration must be subject to review by its legislature. Spain has to renew the state of emergency every 15 days.
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