Explain the construction and use of binoculars
Answers
Two objective lenses are situated at each end of the binoculars. The purpose of the objective lens is to collect light from the object that the user is looking at and bringing the collected light into focus in the eyepiece lens, which creates a visible and magnified image.
The image generated is backwards and upside down. Corrective elements known as prisms are used to fix this problem and they are situated between the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. The prisms used in binoculars are basically blocks of glass that acts like mirrors. The prisms use internal reflections to bring the beam of light from the objective lens closer together and to correct the orientation of the image created by the objective lens. Two types of prisms are used in binoculars: roof prisms and porro prisms.
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Answer:
Your pointwise answer is as follows :-
1. The lens material is poured into a lens mold, which has a spherical curved bottom. This results in a lens that is about 4 in (10.2 cm) in diameter and 1-1.5 in (2.4-3.8 cm) thick.
2. The lenses are then removed from the molds and cut into specific pieces using a diamond saw to create the optical lenses.
The lenses are placed into the grinding machine and polished.
3. After they have been carefully machined, the lenses are anodized to reduce reflections in vacuum tanks. The more coatings applied, the less light absorbed.
4. The ocular lenses (nearest the eyes) are also molded and carefully polished by auto-polish machines after which they are centered on diamond turning machines and finally cleaned by running through several different solvents in automated machinery.
5. The objective lenses, those furthest from the eyes, are molded and then polished with polishing machines.
6. These components are then manually assembled into a die cast body, which is often made from aluminum.
7. Using a technique called physical vapor deposition, the optics are placed into a "plasma machine" and coated with dielectric coatings. The coatings are essential for high performance.
8. The optics are then inspected and tested for clarity and defects using lasers in specially designed particulate free rooms.
9. Next, the rod shaped prisms are cut by lasers into three-sided shapes depending on the type of prism being manufactured (i.e., roof prisms or porro prisms).
10. The prisms are coated with dielectric materials (metal oxides) by physical vapor deposition inside a vacuum chamber.
11. When all these components are assembled on a belt assembly line, the final assembly station collimates the binocular by hand, making the left side exactly parallel to the right, so only one image will be seen at a time.
12. The binocular housing is then covered with a substance called gutta-percha, which looks like leather but is more durable and flexible. This covering is applied by hand using an adhesive and may be coated with a protective rubber covering.
13. On the assembly line bare metal housing covers are covered with plastic or rubber.
The prisms are placed by hand inside the binocular casing and manually screwed in place.
14. The objective lenses are held in place by a metal or plastic ring and the eyepiece is fitted with a rubber eyecap.
15. The focusing lenses are placed in the housing with screws mounted by hand.
16. Waterproof binoculars must have orings at every orifice, be purged with nitrogen (injected through a seal), and sealed. The final step would be the packing of binoculars in cases with neck straps, most cases today being of a canvas-like material.
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