explain
the different modes of artificial vegetative propagation
Answers
Answer:
SCIENCE
◆ANIMALS IN SURROUNDING:
● Autotrophs : The word autotroph consists of two words :
Auto" means "self"
"Trophe" means "nourshing"
Thus organisms which can nourish themselves by generating their food (complext nutrients like fats, carbohydrates and proteins) from substances available in their surroundings are called autotrophs. E.g.Plants and some bacterias.
Autotophs which make their food using energy of sun (Photo) are called phototrophs e.g. Green plants.
● Heterotrophs : "Hetro" means "others" and "trophe" means "nourishing", thus heterotrophs are organism which are dependent on other animals and plants for their nourishment or food. E.g. Animals
● Saprotrophs : Organisms which get their food (nourishment) from dead and decaying organic matter (wastes of animals and plants). Saprotrophs secretes digestive juices on dead and decaying organic matter to dissolve it so that nutrients can be absorbed from it. We can say that in saprotrophs digestion takes place outside of body and digestion is proceeded by ingestion. E.g. fungi "
◆ PLANTS IN THE SURROUNDING AND PROPAGATION :
● Plant propagation is the process which grows new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant propagation can also refer to the man-made or natural dispersal of seeds.
° Plant propagation is the process which grows new plants from a variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant propagation can also refer to the man-made or natural dispersal of seeds.
°A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative propagation. A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil.
°Layering has evolved as a common means of vegetative propagation of numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants. Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches the ground, whereupon it produces adventitious roots.
●Seed dispersal is the movement, spread or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic vectors such as the wind and living (biotic) vectors like birds .
SEED GERMINATION :-
°Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of Fungus, ferns, bacteria, and the growth of the pollen tube from the pollen grain of seed plants .
PROCEDURE OF SEED GERMINATION :-
The Seed Germination Process
Step 1: Imbibition: water fills the seed.
Step 2: The water activates enzymes that begin the plant's growth.
Step 3: The seed grows a root to access water underground.
Step 4: The seed grows shoots that grow towards the sun.
Step 5: The shoots grow leaves and begin photmorphogenesis.
After the root absorbs water, an embryonic shoot emerges from the seed. This shoot comprises three main parts: the cotyledons (seed leaves), the section of shoot below the cotyledons (hypocotyl), and the section of shoot above the cotyledons (epicotyl).
Answer:
Vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots and stem. This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plants.
Let us explore the different types of vegetative propagation and its examples in detail.
Types of Vegetative Propagation
Different types of vegetative propagation include:
Natural Vegetative Propagation
This occurs when plants grow and develop naturally without any human interference. Natural vegetative propagation can be enabled by the development of adventitious roots. Thus, new plants may emerge from the roots, stem and leaves of the parent plant.
The vegetative plant structures arising from the stem are known as rhizomes, bulbs, runners, tubers, etc. The plants propagated vegetatively are given below:
Stem
Runners grow horizontally above the ground. The buds are formed at the nodes of the runners.
Roots
New plants emerge out of swollen, modified roots known as tubers. Buds are formed at the base of the stem.
Leaves
Leaves of a few plants get detached from the parent plant and develop into a new plant.
Bulbs
Bulbs have an underground stem to which the leaves are attached. These leaves are capable of storing food. The centre of the bulb contains an apical bud that produces leaves and flowers. Shoots are developed from the lateral buds.
Also Read: Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Artificial Vegetative Propagation
This is a type of vegetative reproduction carried out by humans on the fields and laboratories. The most common types of vegetative reproduction occurring artificially include:
Cutting
In this, a part of a plant, specifically a stem or leaf is cut and planted in the soil. These cuttings are sometimes treated with hormones to induce root development. The new plant is formed from the adventitious roots developing from the cutting.
Grafting
In this, the cutting from some other plant is attached to the stem of plant rooted in the ground. The tissues of the graft become integrated with the tissues of the rooted plant and develop as a single plant over time.
Layering
In this, the stem of the plant is bent to the ground and covered with soil. Adventitious roots emerge from the plant parts covered with the soil. This attached stem with developing roots is known as a layer.
Tissue Culture
In this, the plant cells from different parts of a plant are cultured in the laboratory to develop a new plant. This technique is helpful in increasing the number of rare and endangered plant species that are unable to grow under natural conditions.
Explanation:
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