Explain the significance of thalamus and hypothalamus in our brain
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The hypothalamus is a small but important area in the center of the brain. It plays an important role in hormone production and helps to stimulate many important processes in the body and is located in the brain, between the pituitary gland and thalamus.
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NCERT based Answer for Class 11 Biology Students
Thalamus is the principal relay center in forebrain which receives sensory impulses from spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum and other parts of brain and direct them to appropriate areas of cerebral cortex.
Functions of Hypothalamus:
1. Control of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Through ANS, hypothalamus regulates visceral (internal organs) activities like regulation of heart rate, movement of food through alimentary canal (peristalsis) and contraction of urinary bladder.
2. Control of pituitary gland : Hypothalamus produces several hormones which stimulate or inhibit secretion of pituitary hormones.
3. Regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns: Together with limbic system, hypothalamus regulates feelings of rage, aggression, pain and pleasure and the behavioral patterns related to sexual arousal.
4. Regulation of eating and drinking:
Feeding center is responsible for hunger sensation. When sufficient food has been ingested, the **satiety center **inhibits the feeding center.
Thirst center is stimulated by increased osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid. As a result, it causes sensation of thirst. The intake of water restores the osmotic pressure to normal, relieving the thirst.
5. Control of body temperature:
If the temperature of blood flowing through hypothalamus is above normal, the hypothalamus directs ANS to stimulate activities that promote heat loss. E.g., vasodilatation of blood vessels of body surface promotes heat loss.
Note: If the person is roaming in sun in summers, the face becomes red due to the same reason.
If blood temperature is below normal, the hypothalamus generates impulses that promote heat production and retention.
Note: In winters, blood vessels of body surface are constricted to prevent heat loss. This is because our skin becomes dry and undernourished during winters.
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