Question

Explain the steps in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Cycle.


No spams ❌❌❌​

Answer 1

Answer:

A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.

Chain reactions are one way that systems which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can release energy or increase entropy in order to reach a state of higher entropy. For example, a system may not be able to reach a lower energy state by releasing energy into the environment, because it is hindered or prevented in some way from taking the path that will result in the energy release. If a reaction results in a small energy release making way for more energy releases in an expanding chain, then the system will typically collapse explosively until much or all of the stored energy has been released.

A macroscopic metaphor for chain reactions is thus a snowball causing a larger snowball until finally an avalanche results ("snowball effect"). This is a result of stored gravitational potential energy seeking a path of release over friction. Chemically, the equivalent to a snow avalanche is a spark causing a forest fire. In nuclear physics, a single stray neutron can result in a prompt critical event, which may finally be energetic enough for a nuclear reactor meltdown or (in a bomb) a nuclear explosion.

Numerous chain reactions can be represented by a mathematical model based on Markov chains.

Explanation:

The polymerization reaction consists of three stages: (1) initiation, (2) propagation, and (3) termination. Initiation occurs when the camphorquinones are promoted to a free radical state.

Answer 2

Answer:

the steps are:

Explanation:

1. denaturation : In denaturation step the double stranded DNA is heated at 90°C upto 15 seconds. the DNA strand gets denaturerated.
2. annealing: the two RNA primers which are complementary to the DNA strand Annealed or hybridized. this takes place at lower temperature of 60 degree Celsius
3. elongation: in this the RNA primer is extended by using taq dna polymerase enzyme obtained from bacteria Thermus aquaticus. It is stable at high temperature.

also magnesium ions are required which act as cofactor for taq DNA polymerase.

**this process is repeated 30 times and approximately 1 billion DNA stands are obtained.