Question

Explain the structure, function and types of RNA. Answer the question in your own words.

Answer 1

Structurally speaking, ribonucleic acid (RNA), is quite similar to DNA. However, whereas DNA molecules are typically long and double stranded, RNA molecules are much shorter and are typically single stranded. RNA molecules perform a variety of roles in the cell but are mainly involved in the process of protein synthesis (translation) and its regulation.

RNA Structure

RNA is typically single stranded and is made of ribonucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds. A ribonucleotide in the RNA chain contains ribose (the pentose sugar), one of the four nitrogenous bases (A, U, G, and C), and a phosphate group. The subtle structural difference between the sugars gives DNA added stability, making DNA more suitable for storage of genetic information, whereas the relative instability of RNA makes it more suitable for its more short-term functions. The RNA-specific pyrimidine uracil forms a complementary base pair with adenine and is used instead of the thymine used in DNA. Even though RNA is single stranded, most types of RNA molecules show extensive intramolecular base pairing between complementary sequences within the RNA strand, creating a predictable three-dimensional structure essential for their function (Figure 1 and Figure 2).

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Answer 2

Dear students,

◆ RNA -

• RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid.
• It is an essential nucleic acid present in all living cells.

(I) Genetic RNA -

• RNA molecules that are translated into proteins are called as genetic RNAs.
• There is only one type.
• They carry out the regulation of gene function.

(II) Non-genetic RNA -

• RNA molecules that aren't translated into proteins are called as non-genetic RNAs.
• They are of three types.
• Non-genetic RNA are further divided into -

1) m-RNA (messenger RNA) -

• acts as messenger to direct amino acids to proteins.

2) r-RNA (ribosomal RNA) -

• provides site for protein synthesis.

3) t-RNA (transfer RNA) -

• transfers amino acids to ribosomes

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