Explain the structure of Neuron
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Answer:
. A Neuron is a specialized nerve cell that receives, processes, and transmits information to other cells in the body. We have a fixed number of neurons, which means they do not regenerate.Neurons (or nerve cells) are specialized cells that transmit and receive electrical signals in the body. Neurons are composed of three main parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
Neuronal Structure
The brain contains many billions of neurons that work together to produce sensation, thought, learning, movement, emotion, and many other processes. The coordination of these activities requires rapid and extensive communication among individual neurons and tissues (e.g. muscles). In order to achieve this, neurons use electrical signals to transmit information within a single cell and chemical signals between cells. These unique functions have forced the neuron to adopt a cell structure unlike that of other cells.
Neurons comprise a cell body (or soma), dendrites, and an axon that ends at a terminal. The cell body contains the nucleus and the machinery necessary to synthesize proteins. The cell body is also the region of the neuron in which an electrical impulse is generated. Extending from the cell body are short, branched dendrites which receive chemical signals from other neurons or stimuli that initiate an electrical signal. This electrical impulse (or action potential) propagates from the cell body, along the axon toward its terminal. The axon is an elongated fiber that transmits the impulse by altering the flow of sodium and potassium ions across the neuronal membrane. Many axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath composed of lipids and proteins. Like insulation coating an electrical wire, this fatty layer greatly increases the speed of electrical impulses down the axon.
Though the nerve terminal of one neuron is in close proximity to the dendrites of an adjacent cell, the cells are actually separated by a small space; this connection between the two cells is called a synapse. The synapse represents a true gap between cells; there is no sharing of cytoplasm or cell structures between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic cells. Communication between neurons is a chemical process that uses neurotransmitters in a process called synaptic transmission.
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