Question

Explain the unemployment problem of urban areas

Answer 1

i) Personal factors:

Personal factors refer to the physical disability, weak mentality, accidents, defective education and training. Elliott and Merill have explained the following under the personal factors.

a. Age factor:

The very young and old persons are at a disadvantage in securing employment due to inexperience and inefficiency, respectively.

b. Vocational unfitness:

Many young people have no understanding of their own abilities or interests and have no particular task in mind when they have to get their training. Willingness to do anything may seem to indicate a worthy desire on the part of the person seeking work. Employers, on the other hand, may seek qualified and competent trained workers. Similarly, there may be more men trained in a particular profession than required. The demand is less than the supply and hence unemployment.

c. Illness or physical disabilities:

A number of workers may be temporarily unemployed because of illness or physical disabilities. Illness may be caused due to conditions in the occupation and disabilities may arise due to accidents.

(ii) Technological and economic factors:

Another important factor causing unemploy­ment is disorganization in the economic structure and the dislocation in industries. Due to advancement in science and technology, a high specialization in the division of labour takes place. Due to this, able-bodied and capable men remain unemployed. The unemployment generated under this category is due to trade cycles, technologi­cal advancement, seasonal variations and lack of mobility among the labour force. Unemployment is a result of both technological changes and cyclical variations of business and trade, which are deeply connected with the production process.

(iii) Mass migration:

Mass migration is an important cause for unemployment in urban areas. People migrate from rural areas in large groups when there is drought or when any other unfavourable conditions occur. A city or town can ill-afford to provide employment opportunities to all of the migrated people, thus, causing mass unemployment.
The problem of unemployment that exists in India is an outcome of several cumulative factors such as the British rule and its policies, the Zamindari system, which exploited the farmers, the policy of laissez faire and free trade, which hindered the progress of rapid industrialization, the rapid growth of population, the decay of small-scale and cottage industries, which led to a large-scale migration from rural to urban areas, and the low levels of investment that resulted in the slow expansion of the secondary and tertiary sectors.

Answer 2

Answer:

The unemployment problem of urban areas are:

Technological and economic factors:

• Disorganization in the economic system and industry disruption are significant factors that contribute to unemployment.
• Science and technological advancements have led to a high degree of specialization in the division of labor.
• Because of this, competent and able-bodied guys are nonetheless without jobs.
• This kind of unemployment is brought on by economic cycles, technological development, seasonal changes, and a lack of labor force mobility.
• Technology advancements and business and trade cycles, which are closely linked to the manufacturing process, both contribute to unemployment.

Mass migration:

• In metropolitan regions, mass migration is a significant contributor to unemployment.
• When there is a drought or any other unpleasant situation, people move out of rural regions in huge numbers.
• Mass unemployment results when a city or town cannot afford to offer work possibilities to all the relocated individuals.
• India's unemployment issue is a result of a number of interrelated factors, including British rule and its policies, the Zamindari system, which exploited farmers, the laissez-faire and free trade policy, which slowed the country's rapid industrialization, the country's rapid population growth, the decline of small-scale and cottage industries, which prompted widespread migration from rural to urban areas, and the low levels of investment that were made.

Personal factors:

Personal issues include physical limitations, a fragile psyche, mishaps, inadequate education, and inadequate training.

The following has been discussed by Elliott and Merill under personal considerations:

Age factor:

• Due to inefficiency and lack of experience, the extremely young and the elderly have a harder time finding work, respectively.

Vocational unfitness:

• Many young individuals lack awareness of their own skills or passions and lack a specific objective in mind when they are required to complete training.
• A person seeking employment may appear to have a sincere desire if they are willing to do anything.
• On the other side, employers could look for trained individuals who are qualified and competent.
• Similar to this, there could be more men trained in a certain profession than is necessary.
• Because there is a gap between supply and demand, there is unemployment.

Illness or physical disabilities:

• A number of employees can be momentarily out of work due to illness or physical limitations.
• Conditions in the workplace can contribute to illness, and accidents can result in impairments.

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