Question

Explain the various approaches to Human Rights

Answer 1

A human rights-based approach (HRBA) is a conceptual framework that can be applied to advocacy, litigation, and programming and is explicitly shaped by international human rights law. This approach can be integrated into a broad range of program areas, including health, education, law, governance, employment, and social and economic security. While there is no one definition or model of a HRBA, the United Nations has articulated several common principles to guide the mainstreaming of human rights into program and advocacy work:

The integration of human rights law and principles should be visible in all work, and the aim of all programs and activities should be to contribute directly to the realization of one or more human rights.

Human rights principles include: “universality and inalienability; indivisibility; interdependence and interrelatedness; non-discrimination and equality; participation and inclusion; accountability and the rule of law.”2 They should inform all stages of programming and advocacy work, including assessment, design and planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.

Human rights principles should also be embodied in the processes of work to strengthen rights-related outcomes. Participation and transparency should be incorporated at all stages and all actors must be accountable for their participation.

A HRBA specifically calls for human rights to guide relationships between rights-holders (individuals and groups with rights) and the duty-bearers (actors with an obligation to fulfill those rights, such as States).3 With respect to programming, this requires “[a]ssessment and analysis in order to identify the human rights claims of rights-holders and the corresponding human rights obligations of duty-bearers as well as the immediate, underlying, and structural causes of the non-realization of rights.”4

A HRBA is intended to strengthen the capacities of rights-holders to claims their entitlements and to enable duty-bearers to meet their obligations, as defined by international human rights law. A HRBA also draws attention to marginalized, disadvantaged and excluded populations, ensuring that they are considered both rights-holders and duty-bearers, and endowing all populations with the ability to participate in the process and outcomes.

Answer 2

An approach focused on human rights seeks to enable people to recognize and assert their rights & strengthen the capacity & obligations of individuals and organizations to support, protect and uphold their rights. This ensures that people are given a better chance to vote in influencing their human rights decisions. This also means improving the capacity for those responsible to understand and learn how to protect those rights & to ensure that they are kept accountable.

Explanation:

A "human rights-based approach" seeks to promote incorporation of human rights "standards & principles" into policy making & organisations on a day by day basis. There are some universal concepts that are important for the implementation of an approach focused on human rights. They are

1. Participation: Everybody is entitled to take part in actions that impact their "human rights". Participation shall be active, open, substantive and concentrate on accessibility issues, as well as   accessing information in a manner & language that may be understood
2. Accountability: It requires careful enforcement of principles of "human rights" and meaningful redress for infringements of human rights. To be successful, adequate laws , regulations, agencies, regulatory procedures and redress mechanisms should be in place for the purpose of maintaining human rights.
3. Non-discrimination & Equality: A human rights-based policy involves restricting, avoiding and removing all types of discrimination in the recognition of rights . It must also prioritize those who face the greatest barriers to their rights in the most "marginalized situations"
4. Empowerment: The agenda focused on human rights ensures that "people & communities" recognize their rights. This also implies they must be fully supported in developing "policies & practices" that impact their lives &, where possible, in claiming rights.
5. Legality: The approach focused on human rights includes the acknowledgment of rights as legal rights which is related to "international & national human rights" laws & legislation.

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