explain the various methods of accomodation
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
Some of the important methods of accommodation are as follows: 1. Coercion 2. Compromise 3. Arbitration and conciliation 4. Toleration 5. Conversion 6. Rationalization 7. Super-ordination and subordination 8. Truce 9. Displacement 10. Institutionalized means.
1. Coercion:
Coercion means the use of force or the threat of force to terminate a conflict. It usually involves parties of unequal strength, the weaker party yields and submits itself to the wishes of the stronger group, because of the fear of being overpowered. This happens only when the parties are so unequal in power that resistance seems useless or impossible.
2. Compromise:
Compromise is the adjustment of the opposed wishes of people in which each contender gives up part of his demands. When all the parties are of equal strength or powerful enough so that none of them want conflict, they may compromise their differences.
It involves a limited surrender by all groups in order to end or avoid conflict. In compromise, each party agrees to make some concessions and yields to some demands of other in order to reach an agreement. In this type of accommodation the spirit of ‘give and take’ prevails.
3. Arbitration and conciliation:
The techniques of arbitration, mediation and conciliation are generally used in arranging compromises. These involve the third party to bring about an end of the conflict between contending parties. Such techniques are often helpful in breaking deadlocks of hostile relations.
The labour-management conflicts usually are resolved through the intervention of an arbitrator or a mediator. The UNO frequently serves in the role of arbitrator at an international level. The great difficulty with arbitration is the securing of a mediator who has the confidence of both sides in the controversy.
Arbitration differs from mediation in that a definite decision is handed down by the arbitrators and the decision is regarded as binding. In the mediation, the suggestions made by the mediator have no binding force.
4. Toleration:
Where compromise is unacceptable yet agreement not absolutely necessary, people or groups may use toleration as an alternative to conflict. In this form of accommodation, interacting parties may agree to disagree. People accept each other’s right to differ without demanding settlement.
Each party holds its position, but respects the fact that the other party has an opposing viewpoint. Religious conflict, such as the demolition of Babri Masjid, is a classic example of this situation. Both parties to this issue ‘tolerate’ each other, despite the fact that the basic issue is not eliminated.
5. Conversion:
In this form of accommodation, one of the acting parties accepts and adopts the views of the other on the ground that it has been wrong and its opponent is right. Conversion is frequently related to religious beliefs but it may also occur in politics and other fields.
6. Rationalization:
Accommodation through rationalization involves plausible excuses or explanations for one’s behaviour instead of acknowledging the real defect in one’s own self. Recently, the American government has justified its attack on Iraq on the ground that Iraq has nuclear weapons.
7. Super-ordination and subordination:
The fundamental pattern of accommodation is of reciprocal superiority (super-ordination) and subordination. The whole web of relationships between two persons is commonly complex series of subordinations in which one or the other is subordinated according to the character of the situation in which they are jointly involved.
For example, in legal matters, the physician is subordinate to the lawyer whereas in medical matters the lawyer assumes the subordinate role. The organization of all societies is essentially the result of such a type of accommodation. From family to larger groupings (political, economic or religious), we can see such types of relationships.
Accommodation by subordination is effective under two conditions. The first is that the dominant party should be so strong as to force the other to submit. The second condition under which subordination as a form of accommodation may be successful is that relationships of subordination should be socially sanctioned as a part of the social structure and heritage of society.
The hierarchical structure of military organization, with the clearly defined superior and subordinate ranks or the familial relationships between parents and children, are good examples of such type of accommodation.