Question

explain various biases in attribution (400 words)

Answer 1

Explanation:

ɪɴ ᴘsʏᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢʏ, ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀs ᴏʀ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ʙɪᴀs ɪs ᴀ ᴄᴏɢɴɪᴛɪᴠᴇ ʙɪᴀs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʀᴇғᴇʀs ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍᴀᴛɪᴄ ᴇʀʀᴏʀs ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴇᴠᴀʟᴜᴀᴛᴇ ᴏʀ ᴛʀʏ ᴛᴏ ғɪɴᴅ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴs ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴏᴡɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀs' ʙᴇʜᴀᴠɪᴏʀs.ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴄᴏɴsᴛᴀɴᴛʟʏ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴs (ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴄᴇss ʙʏ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴊᴜᴅɢᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴀssᴜᴍᴘᴛɪᴏɴs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴡʜʏ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ʙᴇʜᴀᴠᴇ ɪɴ ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴ ᴡᴀʏs); ʜᴏᴡᴇᴠᴇʀ, ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴs ᴅᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ᴀʟᴡᴀʏs ᴀᴄᴄᴜʀᴀᴛᴇʟʏ ʀᴇғʟᴇᴄᴛ ʀᴇᴀʟɪᴛʏ. ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴏᴘᴇʀᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴀs ᴏʙᴊᴇᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴘᴇʀᴄᴇɪᴠᴇʀs, ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴘʀᴏɴᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘᴇʀᴄᴇᴘᴛᴜᴀʟ ᴇʀʀᴏʀs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʟᴇᴀᴅ ᴛᴏ ʙɪᴀsᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴘʀᴇᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ.ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ᴇᴠᴇʀʏᴅᴀʏ ʟɪғᴇ. ғᴏʀ ᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ, ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴀ ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ ᴄᴜᴛs sᴏᴍᴇᴏɴᴇ ᴏғғ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇʀsᴏɴ ᴡʜᴏ ʜᴀs ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴄᴜᴛ ᴏғғ ɪs ᴏғᴛᴇɴ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ʟɪᴋᴇʟʏ ᴛᴏ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇ ʙʟᴀᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇᴄᴋʟᴇss ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ's ɪɴʜᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴘᴇʀsᴏɴᴀʟɪᴛʏ ᴛʀᴀɪᴛs (ᴇ.ɢ., "ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ ɪs ʀᴜᴅᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴᴄᴏᴍᴘᴇᴛᴇɴᴛ") ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ sɪᴛᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴄɪʀᴄᴜᴍsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇs (ᴇ.ɢ., "ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ ᴍᴀʏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ʟᴀᴛᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴀs ɴᴏᴛ ᴘᴀʏɪɴɢ ᴀᴛᴛᴇɴᴛɪᴏɴ"). ᴀᴅᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟʟʏ, ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴛʏᴘᴇs ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀsᴇs, sᴜᴄʜ ᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴜʟᴛɪᴍᴀᴛᴇ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇʀʀᴏʀ, ғᴜɴᴅᴀᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇʀʀᴏʀ, ᴀᴄᴛᴏʀ-ᴏʙsᴇʀᴠᴇʀ ʙɪᴀs, ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴏsᴛɪʟᴇ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀs. ᴇᴀᴄʜ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇs ᴀ sᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ᴛᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴇxʜɪʙɪᴛ ᴡʜᴇɴ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴɪɴɢ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ʙᴇʜᴀᴠɪᴏʀs.

ɪɴ ᴘsʏᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢʏ, ᴀɴ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀs ᴏʀ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ʙɪᴀs ɪs ᴀ ᴄᴏɢɴɪᴛɪᴠᴇ ʙɪᴀs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʀᴇғᴇʀs ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ sʏsᴛᴇᴍᴀᴛɪᴄ ᴇʀʀᴏʀs ᴍᴀᴅᴇ ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴇᴠᴀʟᴜᴀᴛᴇ ᴏʀ ᴛʀʏ ᴛᴏ ғɪɴᴅ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴs ғᴏʀ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ᴏᴡɴ ᴀɴᴅ ᴏᴛʜᴇʀs' ʙᴇʜᴀᴠɪᴏʀs.ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴄᴏɴsᴛᴀɴᴛʟʏ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴs (ᴛʜᴇ ᴘʀᴏᴄᴇss ʙʏ ᴡʜɪᴄʜ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴍᴀᴋᴇ ᴊᴜᴅɢᴇᴍᴇɴᴛs ᴀɴᴅ ᴀssᴜᴍᴘᴛɪᴏɴs ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴡʜʏ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ʙᴇʜᴀᴠᴇ ɪɴ ᴄᴇʀᴛᴀɪɴ ᴡᴀʏs); ʜᴏᴡᴇᴠᴇʀ, ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴs ᴅᴏ ɴᴏᴛ ᴀʟᴡᴀʏs ᴀᴄᴄᴜʀᴀᴛᴇʟʏ ʀᴇғʟᴇᴄᴛ ʀᴇᴀʟɪᴛʏ. ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ ᴏᴘᴇʀᴀᴛɪɴɢ ᴀs ᴏʙᴊᴇᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ ᴘᴇʀᴄᴇɪᴠᴇʀs, ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴘʀᴏɴᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴘᴇʀᴄᴇᴘᴛᴜᴀʟ ᴇʀʀᴏʀs ᴛʜᴀᴛ ʟᴇᴀᴅ ᴛᴏ ʙɪᴀsᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴘʀᴇᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ᴡᴏʀʟᴅ.ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ᴀʀᴇ ᴘʀᴇsᴇɴᴛ ɪɴ ᴇᴠᴇʀʏᴅᴀʏ ʟɪғᴇ. ғᴏʀ ᴇxᴀᴍᴘʟᴇ, ᴡʜᴇɴ ᴀ ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ ᴄᴜᴛs sᴏᴍᴇᴏɴᴇ ᴏғғ, ᴛʜᴇ ᴘᴇʀsᴏɴ ᴡʜᴏ ʜᴀs ʙᴇᴇɴ ᴄᴜᴛ ᴏғғ ɪs ᴏғᴛᴇɴ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ʟɪᴋᴇʟʏ ᴛᴏ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛᴇ ʙʟᴀᴍᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴛʜᴇ ʀᴇᴄᴋʟᴇss ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ's ɪɴʜᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴘᴇʀsᴏɴᴀʟɪᴛʏ ᴛʀᴀɪᴛs (ᴇ.ɢ., "ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ ɪs ʀᴜᴅᴇ ᴀɴᴅ ɪɴᴄᴏᴍᴘᴇᴛᴇɴᴛ") ʀᴀᴛʜᴇʀ ᴛʜᴀɴ sɪᴛᴜᴀᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟ ᴄɪʀᴄᴜᴍsᴛᴀɴᴄᴇs (ᴇ.ɢ., "ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴅʀɪᴠᴇʀ ᴍᴀʏ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ʟᴀᴛᴇ ᴛᴏ ᴡᴏʀᴋ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡᴀs ɴᴏᴛ ᴘᴀʏɪɴɢ ᴀᴛᴛᴇɴᴛɪᴏɴ"). ᴀᴅᴅɪᴛɪᴏɴᴀʟʟʏ, ᴛʜᴇʀᴇ ᴀʀᴇ ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴛʏᴘᴇs ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀsᴇs, sᴜᴄʜ ᴀs ᴛʜᴇ ᴜʟᴛɪᴍᴀᴛᴇ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇʀʀᴏʀ, ғᴜɴᴅᴀᴍᴇɴᴛᴀʟ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ᴇʀʀᴏʀ, ᴀᴄᴛᴏʀ-ᴏʙsᴇʀᴠᴇʀ ʙɪᴀs, ᴀɴᴅ ʜᴏsᴛɪʟᴇ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀs. ᴇᴀᴄʜ ᴏғ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ᴅᴇsᴄʀɪʙᴇs ᴀ sᴘᴇᴄɪғɪᴄ ᴛᴇɴᴅᴇɴᴄʏ ᴛʜᴀᴛ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴇxʜɪʙɪᴛ ᴡʜᴇɴ ʀᴇᴀsᴏɴɪɴɢ ᴀʙᴏᴜᴛ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄᴀᴜsᴇ ᴏғ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ʙᴇʜᴀᴠɪᴏʀs.sɪɴᴄᴇ ᴛʜᴇ ᴇᴀʀʟʏ ᴡᴏʀᴋ, ʀᴇsᴇᴀʀᴄʜᴇʀs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴄᴏɴᴛɪɴᴜᴇᴅ ᴛᴏ ᴇxᴀᴍɪɴᴇ ʜᴏᴡ ᴀɴᴅ ᴡʜʏ ᴘᴇᴏᴘʟᴇ ᴇxʜɪʙɪᴛ ʙɪᴀsᴇᴅ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴘʀᴇᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴs ᴏғ sᴏᴄɪᴀʟ ɪɴғᴏʀᴍᴀᴛɪᴏɴ. ᴍᴀɴʏ ᴅɪғғᴇʀᴇɴᴛ ᴛʏᴘᴇs ᴏғ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ʜᴀᴠᴇ ʙᴇᴇɴ ɪᴅᴇɴᴛɪғɪᴇᴅ, ᴀɴᴅ ᴍᴏʀᴇ ʀᴇᴄᴇɴᴛ ᴘsʏᴄʜᴏʟᴏɢɪᴄᴀʟ ʀᴇsᴇᴀʀᴄʜ ᴏɴ ᴛʜᴇsᴇ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ʜᴀs ᴇxᴀᴍɪɴᴇᴅ ʜᴏᴡ ᴀᴛᴛʀɪʙᴜᴛɪᴏɴ ʙɪᴀsᴇs ᴄᴀɴ sᴜʙsᴇϙᴜᴇɴᴛʟʏ ᴀғғᴇᴄᴛ ᴇᴍᴏᴛɪᴏɴs ᴀɴᴅ ʙᴇʜᴀᴠɪᴏʀ