Question

Explain why and how the polar covalent bonds found in water molecules are responsible for water's ability to dissolve many substances, particularly ionic compounds such as salt.

Answer 1

Answer:

Part A: Water molecules are polar, meaning that they are neutrally charged overall, but with partial positive charges on the H atoms and a partial negative charge on the O atom. Thus, polar molecules like the salt, are like the water, neutrally charged and its ions interact with both the partially positive and partially negative parts of the H2O molecules.

Part B: In a dissolution of salt in water, the solvent is the water and solute is the salt. Solvent is a substance that allows the dispersion of another substance in itself, like the water in this solution. A solute is a substance that can be dissolved, dispersed in a solvent.

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Answer 2

Answer:

Explanation:

there are some substances (such as oils) that don't dissolve well in water. Generally speaking, water is good at dissolving ions and polar molecules, but poor at dissolving nonpolar molecules. (A polar molecule is one that's neutral, or uncharged, but has an asymmetric internal distribution of charge, leading to partially positive and partially negative regions.)

Water interacts differently with charged and polar substances than with nonpolar substances because of the polarity of its own molecules. Water molecules are polar, with partial positive charges on the hydrogens, a partial negative charge on the oxygen, and a bent overall structure. The unequal charge distribution in a water molecule reflects the greater electronegativity, or electron-greediness, of oxygen relative to hydrogen: the shared electrons of the O-H bonds spend more time with the O atom than with the Hs. In the image below, the partial positive and partial negative charges on a water molecule are represented by the symbols δ^+  

+

start superscript, plus, end superscript and δ^-  

−

start superscript, minus, end superscript, respectively.

Because of its polarity, water can form electrostatic interactions (charge-based attractions) with other polar molecules and ions. The polar molecules and ions interact with the partially positive and partially negative ends of water, with positive charges attracting negative charges (just like the + and - ends of magnets). When there are many water molecules relative to solute molecules, as in an aqueous solution, these interactions lead to the formation of a three-dimensional sphere of water molecules, or hydration shell, around the solute. Hydration shells allow particles to be dispersed (spread out) evenly in water.