Question

factors hampering democracy​

Answer 1

Answer:

Self-governing polity

1) There is a national territory that clearly defines the borders of administrative jurisdiction of the state institutions.

2) Actors operating outside the polity’s territory do not prevent elected officials from making binding decisions.

3) The constitution and other legal regulations are effectively applied to all groups and territories.

II. Free and fair elections

4) Elections are conducted in a free and fair manner and are uncertain in their outcomes.

5) Those in positions of public authority and the major opposition parties respect the results of these elections.

6) Inclusive elections are conducted at all levels of political representation reasonably frequently and regularly.

III. Elected officials

7) Control of the agenda of the major institutions of government is in the hands of elected officials.

8) Veto groups do not constrain elected officials and the officials’ constitutional mandate is not arbitrarily terminated.

9) The composition and term of office of government is not decided by a single person or political body, and appointments are not made without the holding of elections (except in cases explicitly described by the constitution).

IV. Democratic constitution

10) The constitution provides for equal political rights and civil liberties for all citizens and these are observed in practice.

11) There is a division of powers and the formal equality between the state institutions is enforced by the constitution.

12) The democratic constitution is newly drafted and ratified.

V. Freedom of expression

13) The regime has no political prisoners, and political terror and torture are absent.

14) There is freedom of expression and the regime does not retaliate with punishment against its critics (such as dismissal from work, legal prosecution, closure of newspapers and TV stations).

15) There are legal guarantees for the freedom of assembly and the right to strike (except for those providing essential services).

VI. Alternative information

16) The media is not a state (or private) monopoly and is free of government control.

17) There is a media law which establishes the rules of the media market, designates independent media authorities and guarantees the access to alternative sources of information.

18) The plurality of opinion is protected by law and the equal and neutral coverage of various political points of view is observed.

VII. Associational autonomy

19) There is one or more legally recognized and tolerated opposition party.

20) There are trade unions and professional associations that are not controlled by state agencies or governing parties.

21) Citizens are free to form independent civic and interest organizations, including non-profit, educational, religious, ethnic and minority associations.