Question

Factors which influence enzyme activity

Answer 1

Answer:

There are several factors that affect the speed of an enzyme's action, such as the concentration of the enzyme, the concentration of the substrate, temperature, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and the presence of inhibitors.

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Answer 2

Explanation:

Temperature

Increasing temperature increases the Kinetic Energy that molecules possess. In a fluid, this means that there are more random collisions between molecules per unit time.

Since enzymes catalyse reactions by randomly colliding with Substrate molecules, increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction, forming more product.

However, increasing temperature also increases the Vibrational Energy that molecules have, specifically in this case enzyme molecules, which puts strain on the bonds that hold them together.

As temperature increases, more bonds, especially the weaker Hydrogen and Ionic bonds, will break as a result of this strain. Breaking bonds within the enzyme will cause the Active Site to change shape.

pH - Acidity and Basicity

pH measures the Acidity and Basicity of a solution. It is a measure of the Hydrogen Ion (H+) concentration, and therefore a good indicator of the Hydroxide Ion (OH-) concentration. It ranges from pH1 to pH14. Lower pH values mean higher H+ concentrations and lower OH- concentrations.

Acid solutions have pH values below 7, and Basic solutions (alkalis are bases) have pH values above 7. Deionised water is pH7, which is termed ‘neutral’.

H+ and OH- Ions are charged and therefore interfere with Hydrogen and Ionic bonds that hold together an enzyme, since they will be attracted or repelled by the charges created by the bonds. This interference causes a change in shape of the enzyme, and importantly, its Active Site.

Different enzymes have different Optimum pH values. This is the pH value at which the bonds within them are influenced by H+ and OH- Ions in such a way that the shape of their Active Site is the most Complementary to the shape of their Substrate. At the Optimum pH, the rate of reaction is at an optimum.

Enzyme Concentration

Increasing Enzyme Concentration will increase the rate of reaction, as more enzymes will be colliding with substrate molecules.

However, this too will only have an effect up to a certain concentration, where the Enzyme Concentration is no longer the limiting factor.

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