fill ups - 1. are used to scan text or pictures into a computer memory where the can be manipulated in some before being printed.
2.A is an input device used for speech recognization system or to record your voice.
3. The processor form of data is called.
4. Dot Matrix is an example of printer
Answers
Answer:
Meeting the every-citizen interface (ECI) criteria described in Chapter 2 will require advances in a number of technology areas. Some involve advances in basic underlying display and interface technologies (higher-resolution visual displays, three-dimensional displays, better voice recognition, better tactile displays, and so on). Others involve advances in our understanding of how to best match these input/output technologies to the sensory, motor, and cognitive capabilities of different users in different and changing environments carrying out a wide variety of tasks. But the new interfaces will need to do more than just physically couple the user to the devices. To meet these visions, the interfaces must have the ability to assist, facilitate, and collaborate with the user in accomplishing tasks.
Subsequent chapters address interface design-the creation of interfaces that make the best-possible use of these human-machine communications technologies-and system attributes that lie beneath the veneer of the interface, such as system intelligence and software support for collaborative activities. This chapter examines the current state and prospective advances in technology areas related directly to communication between a person and a system-hardware and software for input (to the system) and output (to a human). The emphasis is on technical advances that, if implemented in well-designed systems (as stressed in Chapter 4), hold the potential to expand accessibility and usability to many more people than at present. The discussion includes a cluster of speech input/output technologies; natural language understanding (including restricted languages with limited vocabularies); keyboard input; gesture recognition
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Suggested Citation:"3 Input/Output Technologies: Current Status and Research Needs." National Research Council. 1997. More Than Screen Deep: Toward Every-Citizen Interfaces to the Nation's Information Infrastructure. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5780.×
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and machine vision; auditory and touch-based output; interfaces that combine multiple modes of input and output; and visual displays, including immersive or virtual reality systems. Because the ECI challenge involves connecting to the information infrastructure, rather than just to stand-alone systems, this chapter reviews the current status of and research challenges for interfaces for systems in large-scale national networks. The chapter ends with the steering committee's conclusions, based on workshop discussions and other inputs, about the research priorities to advance these technologies and our understanding of how to use them to support every citizen.
Framing The Input/Output Discussion-Layers Of Communication
The interface is the means by which a user communicates with a system, whether to get it to perform some function or computation directly (e.g., compute a trajectory, change a word in a text file, display a video); to find and deliver information (e.g., getting a paper from the Web or information from a database); or to provide ways of interacting with other people (e.g., participate in a chat group, send e-mail, jointly edit a document). As a communications vehicle, interfaces can be assessed and compared in terms of three key dimensions: (1) the language(s) they use, (2) the ways in which they allow users to say things in the language(s), and (3) the surface(s) or device(s) used to produce output (or register input) expressions of the language. The design and implementation of an interface entail choosing (or designing) the language for communication, specifying the ways in which users may express ''statements" of that language (e.g., by typing words or by pointing at icons), and selecting device(s) that allow communication to be realized-the input/output devices.
Box 3.1 gives some examples of choices at each of these levels. Although the selection and integration of input/output devices will generally involve hardware concerns (e.g., choices among keyboard, mouse, drawing surfaces, sensor-equipped apparel), decisions about the language definition and means of expression affect interpretation processes that are largely treated in software. The rest of this section briefly describes each of the dimensions and then examines how they can be used to characterize some currently standard interface choices; the remainder of the chapter provides an examination of the state of the art.
Language Contrasts and Continuum
There are two language classes of interest in the design of interfaces: natural languages (e.g., English, Spanish, Japanese) and