Question

Find two startegies that can be
used to build resilience as mentioned
in the passage ?​

Answer 1

Explanation:

In this paper, inspired by the plenary panel at the 2013 meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Dr. Steven Southwick (chair) and multidisciplinary panelists Drs. George Bonanno, Ann Masten, Catherine Panter-Brick, and Rachel Yehuda tackle some of the most pressing current questions in the field of resilience research including: (1) how do we define resilience, (2) what are the most important determinants of resilience, (3) how are new technologies informing the science of resilience, and (4) what are the most effective ways to enhance resilience? These multidisciplinary experts provide insight into these difficult questions, and although each of the panelists had a slightly different definition of resilience, most of the proposed definitions included a concept of healthy, adaptive, or integrated positive functioning over the passage of time in the aftermath of adversity. The panelists agreed that resilience is a complex construct and it may be defined differently in the context of individuals, families, organizations, societies, and cultures. With regard to the determinants of resilience, there was a consensus that the empirical study of this construct needs to be approached from a multiple level of analysis perspective that includes genetic, epigenetic, developmental, demographic, cultural, economic, and social variables. The empirical study of determinates of resilience will inform efforts made at fostering resilience, with the recognition that resilience may be enhanced on humorous levels (e.g., individual, family, community, culture).

Keywords: Resilience, stress, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder

For decades, the fields of neuroscience, mental health, medicine, psychology, and sociology have been collectively focused on the short-term and long-term consequences of stress, and more recently, extreme stress. Stress is a reality of our daily lives. At some point, most people will be exposed to one (or more) potentially life-threatening traumatic experiences that can influence mental health and result in conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Karam et al., 2014). These severe adversities include exposure to interpersonal violence, the trauma of war, death of a loved one, natural disasters, serious industrial or other accidents, and terrorism (American Psychological Association, 2010; Dimitry, 2012; Eisenberg & Silver, 2011; Furr, Comer, Edmunds, & Kendall, 2010; Masten & Narayan, 2012; Masten & Osofsky, 2010; Norris, Tracy, & Galea, 2009; Osofsky & Osofsky, 2013; Tol, Song, & Jordans, 2013).Some stressors are ongoing, such as the stress of exposure to bullying, harassing work-place environments, dysfunctional or challenging relationships, the grinding stress of poverty, and even the impact of environmental stressors such as extreme weather conditions and global warming (Arnold, Mearns, Oshima, & Prasad, 2014; Evans, Li, & Whipple, 2013; Lundberg & Wuermli, 2012). When stress exposure is unusually intense, chronic, uncontrollable, and overwhelming, it can give rise to—or exacerbate—burnout, depression, anxiety, and numerous physical conditions, such as inflammatory, cardiovascular, or other medical illnesses (Karatoreos & McEwen, 2013; Russo, Murrough, Han, Charney, & Nestler, 2012; Southwick & Charney, 2012a, 2012b; Southwick, Litz, Charney, & Friedman, 2011; Southwick, Vythilingam, & Charney, 2005).

Yet, just as there is concern about the deleterious effects of trauma exposure, there is also unprecedented interest in resilience. This paper summarizes key points that emerged as the topic of resilience was discussed from a comprehensive, interdisciplinary perspective during the opening plenary meeting of the 29th Annual International Society for Traumatic Stress, held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in November, 2013. The discussion was chaired by Steven Southwick, M.D. Panelists included: Ann Masten, Ph.D., George Bonanno, Ph.D., Catherine Panter-Brick, Ph.D., and Rachel Yehuda, Ph.D. Dr. Southwick posed a series of questions about resilience to each of the panelists.