Fluoride removal from water using adsorption technique
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Advances in Fluorine Science
Volume 2, 2006, Pages 1-48
Chapter 1 Fluoride Removal from
Abstract
Management of contaminants such as fluoride is a major public issue. Fluoride of geogenic origin in groundwater used as a source of drinking water is a major concern because fluoride content above permissible levels is responsible for human dental and skeletal fluorosis. Consequently, water sources containing elevated levels of fluoride have to be treated. Coagulation/precipitation, electrochemical, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, adsorption and hybrid processes combining adsorption and dialysis are widely used defluoridation techniques. Currently, however, the development of cost effective and clean processes due to economic constraints and stringent environmental policies is desired. Adsorption technique is arguably one of the most versatile of all the defluoridation techniques due to a number of reasons such as cost, diverse end-uses, socio-cultural acceptance, regulatory compliance, environmental benignity and simplicity. For this technique, activated alumina, bone char and clay adsorption media are the most developed.