Question

Frnd koi CH nationalism in Europe ke topic unification of Italy and Germany ke notes ka pic send kar do

Answer 1

Germany:

After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolution. Nationalist sentiments were often mobilised by conservatives for promoting state power and achieving political domination over Europe. This can be observed in the process by which Germany and Italy came to be unified as nation-states. As you have seen, nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans, who in 1848 tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. This liberal initiative to nation-building was, however, repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by the large landowners (called Junkers) of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Three wars over seven years – with Austria, Denmark and France – ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.

On the bitterly cold morning of 18 January 1871, an assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers including the chief minister Otto von Bismarck gathered in the unheated Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state power. The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernising the currency, banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany. Prussian measures and practices often became a model for the rest of Germany.

Italy:

Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many regional and local variations.

During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals. The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war. In the eyes of the ruling elites of this region, a unified Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political dominance.

Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberalnationalist ideology. The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife!

Answer 2

Hey.. I think this can help you..!!

Unification of Germany :

- middle class tried to unite German states but their initiative was suppressed by military, aristocracy and junkers (landlords of prussia)

- than prussia took leadership to unite German states. Its chief minister, Otto von bismark became architect of the process.

-prussia won three war in 7 years against France, Denmark and Austria and finished the process of unification of Germany.

- on 18th Jan, 1871 a assembly comprising of
important ministers of prussia, princes of German states and army representatives gathered in hall of mirror in the palace of versailles for proclamation of German nation under King kaiser william 1 of prussia.


Now,
Unification of Italy:

- Italy was divided into seven states. One state, sardinia piedmont was ruled by Italian Prince
North was ruled by Austrian habsburg empire, South was under bourbon Kings of Spain an Central was ruled by pope

-Giuseppe mazzini sought to develop a coherent programme for unified Italy. He found secret society - young Italy for dissemination of his goals.

- after failed revolts in 1831 and 1848, sardinia peidmont under King Victor emmanuel took leadership to unify Italy.

- the tactful diplomacy of cavour with France helped sardinia peidmont to win over Austrian forces

-armed rebellion under leader, Giuseppe garibaldi joined the revolution. In 1860, they marched towards South to win the support of local peasants to drive out Spanish rulers.

-in 1861, Victor emmanuel was proclaimed King of unified Italy...

Hope it helps you dear and all the best for exams ☺️☺️