From where the charges come from during lightning......?
How tge separation of charges occurr?
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The initial cause of a lightning strike is a separation of charge within a cloud. Positively charged particles accumulate at the top of the cloud while negatively charged particles concentrate themselves at the bottom of the cloud. Unfortunately, it is currently unknown why this charge separation occurs. This model illustrates a widely held theory in this respect. The water cycle itself is the primary cause. As water vapor rises it often acquires a charge as it interacts with dirt, ice, and other materials during its ascent towards the cloud. Once in the cloud the heavier vapor particles have a negative charge and thus sink to the cloud's bottom. The actual mechanism behind the creation of charge separation is unimportant in the actual strike and so the water cycle and charge separation are included in this model solely to demonstrate how the charge separation may occur. Vapors rise off of the water's surface with a frequency specified by the EVAPORATION-RATE slider. The vapors then rise toward the sky until they reach the cloud, at which time they spawn opposing charges in the upper and lower regions of the cloud. The ELECTRIC-FIELD is measured by the number of negatively charged particles (electrons) in the cloud. Since the strength of an electric field is directly proportional to the amount of charge in that field, this is a reasonable measure.
Within the cloud the charges move in a random manner. However, they are constrained to their charge regions. The positive charges do not try to reach the negatives nor vice versa. In this way the charge separation and electric field strength is maintained. Occasionally charge may dissipate from the cloud. While the actual mechanism for this dissipation is also unknown, it is illustrated in this model by precipitation in the same manner as the charge buildup. Charge leaves the cloud at a rate specified by the PRECIPITATION-RATE slider. When the EVAPORATION-RATE equals the PRECIPITATION-RATE the strength of ELECTRIC-FIELD will remain fairly constant.
When ELECTRIC-FIELD has strength of 40 or greater the charges in the ground begin to be affected. The negative charges in the bottom of the cloud have such a high concentration that they force the electrons on the Earth's surface deep into the ground. This also has the affect of pulling the positive charges (positrons) in the Earth's surface to a very shallow depth. Thus, the ground has a strong positive charge and the cloud has a strong negative charge. The two surfaces act like two parallel plates (for those who know a bit of electrical physics). This charge disparity cannot continue forever, and lightning is nature's solution to the problem.
Charge continues to build until the ELECTRIC-FIELD hits the critical value of 80. With field strength of such a large magnitude the electrons in the cloud begin "breaking down" the air around the cloud and converting it into plasma. Plasma is the same material that comprises stars. Without going into too much detail, plasma is matter (in this case air) that has been ionized. The positive and negative components of the air itself are pulled apart and separated from each other. This separation allows the electrons to flow through the plasma much more easily than they could through normal air. The plasma is created in a chain-reaction manner as electrons flowing through the plasma force the air around them to become plasma in turn. In this way electrons in the cloud "burn out" paths towards the earth. The paths are known as "step leaders" and grow from cloud to ground in a tentacle-like manner. The chain reaction that allows the step leaders to grow in size does not have to take place in a straight line. Air is not homogenous and is littered with impurities that affect the formation of step leaders. These impurities cause the air to not ionize equally in all directions. Impurities in the air may cause some patches of air to turn into plasma more easily than others. Rather than direct lines from cloud to ground, lightning takes the path of least resistance. This is what gives lightning strikes the forked and jagged patterns that everyone can recognize. In this model this is illustrated by assigning each patch of air a RESISTANCE value. Electrons will ionize air and progress towards the ground always trying to follow the path of least resistance.
As the step leaders progress to the ground the ELECTRICAL-FIELD likely will still be increasing in magnitude. Once it reaches a value of 120 the charges in the ground react by letting off what are known as "streamers". Streamers are the positive equivalent of the negative step leaders created by clouds. However, streamers are not self-sufficient and thus do not grow indefinitely towards the cloud.
The initial cause of a lightning strike is a separation of charge within a cloud. Positively charged particles accumulate at the top of the cloud while negatively charged particles concentrate themselves at the bottom of the cloud. Unfortunately, it is currently unknown why this charge separation occurs. This model illustrates a widely held theory in this respect. The water cycle itself is the primary cause. As water vapor rises it often acquires a charge as it interacts with dirt, ice, and other materials during its ascent towards the cloud. Once in the cloud the heavier vapor particles have a negative charge and thus sink to the cloud's bottom. The actual mechanism behind the creation of charge separation is unimportant in the actual strike and so the water cycle and charge separation are included in this model solely to demonstrate how the charge separation may occur. Vapors rise off of the water's surface with a frequency specified by the EVAPORATION-RATE slider. The vapors then rise toward the sky until they reach the cloud, at which time they spawn opposing charges in the upper and lower regions of the cloud. The ELECTRIC-FIELD is measured by the number of negatively charged particles (electrons) in the cloud. Since the strength of an electric field is directly proportional to the amount of charge in that field, this is a reasonable measure.
Within the cloud the charges move in a random manner. However, they are constrained to their charge regions. The positive charges do not try to reach the negatives nor vice versa. In this way the charge separation and electric field strength is maintained. Occasionally charge may dissipate from the cloud. While the actual mechanism for this dissipation is also unknown, it is illustrated in this model by precipitation in the same manner as the charge buildup. Charge leaves the cloud at a rate specified by the PRECIPITATION-RATE slider. When the EVAPORATION-RATE equals the PRECIPITATION-RATE the strength of ELECTRIC-FIELD will remain fairly constant.
When ELECTRIC-FIELD has strength of 40 or greater the charges in the ground begin to be affected. The negative charges in the bottom of the cloud have such a high concentration that they force the electrons on the Earth's surface deep into the ground. This also has the affect of pulling the positive charges (positrons) in the Earth's surface to a very shallow depth. Thus, the ground has a strong positive charge and the cloud has a strong negative charge. The two surfaces act like two parallel plates (for those who know a bit of electrical physics). This charge disparity cannot continue forever, and lightning is nature's solution to the problem.
Charge continues to build until the ELECTRIC-FIELD hits the critical value of 80. With field strength of such a large magnitude the electrons in the cloud begin "breaking down" the air around the cloud and converting it into plasma. Plasma is the same material that comprises stars. Without going into too much detail, plasma is matter (in this case air) that has been ionized. The positive and negative components of the air itself are pulled apart and separated from each other. This separation allows the electrons to flow through the plasma much more easily than they could through normal air. The plasma is created in a chain-reaction manner as electrons flowing through the plasma force the air around them to become plasma in turn. In this way electrons in the cloud "burn out" paths towards the earth. The paths are known as "step leaders" and grow from cloud to ground in a tentacle-like manner. The chain reaction that allows the step leaders to grow in size does not have to take place in a straight line. Air is not homogenous and is littered with impurities that affect the formation of step leaders. These impurities cause the air to not ionize equally in all directions. Impurities in the air may cause some patches of air to turn into plasma more easily than others. Rather than direct lines from cloud to ground, lightning takes the path of least resistance. This is what gives lightning strikes the forked and jagged patterns that everyone can recognize. In this model this is illustrated by assigning each patch of air a RESISTANCE value. Electrons will ionize air and progress towards the ground always trying to follow the path of least resistance.
As the step leaders progress to the ground the ELECTRICAL-FIELD likely will still be increasing in magnitude. Once it reaches a value of 120 the charges in the ground react by letting off what are known as "streamers". Streamers are the positive equivalent of the negative step leaders created by clouds. However, streamers are not self-sufficient and thus do not grow indefinitely towards the cloud.
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