full chapter of history class 8 from trade to territory
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
East India Company comes East:
In 1600 royal charter granted to East India Company granting the sole right to trade with the East.
East India Company bought goods at a cheap price and sold them at higher price in Europe.
Cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe.
Pepper, cloves, cardamom, and cinnamon were in great demand.
East India company and its officials accumulated wealth by the trade of India and caught attention of other European powers.
English east India company had to compete with other europian companies such as Franch, Dutch, and Portugese.
Because of the powerful naval force, British won over other European powers and became the champion of struggle of monotony of trade.
East India Company begins Trade in Bengal:
In 1651, the first English factory was set up on the banks of river Hugli and first English factory was opened up at Surat in 1608.
Aurangzeb issued a farman granting the company the right to trade duty-free.
The company tried to press for more concessions and manipulate existing privileges.
For trading purpose, the passes were issued to company officials but they misused these passes for private trade and accumulate wealth on the name of company.
Soon because of private trade company suffered and went into loses. To cure this anamoly British government made strict rules.
How did Trade Lead to Battles:
After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and autonomy.
The Nawabs of Bengal refused to grant the company concessions as it was making the revenue from Bengal trade less profitable.
The British wanted the duties to be abolished but Bengal nawabs refused.
British official knew the condition of administration in Bengal and tried their autonomy by use of force.
The Battle of Plassey:
As a result of denial of trading rights, on 23rd June 1757, Battle of Plassey was fought and it was the first major victory of English in India.
Alivardi Khan died in 1756 and Sirajuddaulah became the Nawab of Bengal.
In 1757, Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey.
Main reason for defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, betrayed sirajuddaula and never fought the battle.
Mir Jafar was promised by Clive to be made Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.
As par the deal Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal after the defeat and death of Sirajuddaula. But he was the nominal head of Bengal and actual power remained in the hands of British.
Answer:
Explanation:
Mercantile: A business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.
Farman: A royal edict, a royal order.
Puppet: Literally, a toy that you can move with strings. The term is used disapprovingly to refer to a person who is controlled by someone else.
Mufti: A jurist of the Muslim community responsible for expounding the law that the qazi would administer.
Impeachment: A trial by the House of Lords in England for charges of misconduct brought against a person in the House of Commons.
After Aurangzeb there was no powerful Mughal ruler, but Mughal emperors continued to be symbolically important. In fact, when a massive rebellion against British rule broke out in 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar, the Mughal emperor at the time, was seen as the natural leader. Once the revolt was put down by the company, Bahadur Shah Zafar was forced to leave the kingdom, and his sons were shot in cold blood.
East India Company begins trade in Bengal
The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. This was known at that time as “factors”, operated. The factory had a warehouse where goods for export were stored and it had offices where Company officials sat. As trade expanded, the Company persuaded merchants and traders to come and settle near the factory.
By 1696 it began building a fort around the settlement. Two years later it bribed Mughal officials into giving the Company zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta or Kolkata as it is known today. It also persuaded the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free.
How trade led to battles
After the death of Aurangzeb, the Bengal nawabs asserted their power and autonomy, as other regional powers were doing at that time. Murshid Quli Khan was followed by Alivardi Khan and then Sirajuddaulah as the Nawab of Bengal. They refused to grant the Company concessions, demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade, denied it any right to mint coins and stopped it from extending its fortifications. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the nawab and his officials. The Company on its part declared that the unjust demands of the local officials were ruining the trade of the Company and trade could flourish only if the duties were removed. It was also convinced that to expand trade it had to enlarge its settlements, buy up villages, and rebuild its forts.