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Explanation:
This chapter reviews literature on windbreak plantings in the tropics and subtropics, with emphasis on the moist tropics. Increasing population and economic pressures in tropical countries have led to a shift from traditional shifting cultivation to more intensive land use with shorter fallow periods and lower yields. Because the winds usually affecting tropical crops are hurricanes and violent thunderstorms, rather than persistent winds, windbreaks are less common than in subtropical or temperate regions. Where soil moisture is not limiting, the yields of some tropical crops may be markedly increased by shelter, but rather than traditional windbreaks, use of closely spaced trimmed hedges (alley cropping) is better suited to fallow agriculture. Tree planting to provide shelter from the sun has been an integral part of producing such tropical crops as cocoa, coffee and tea. However, research has now shown that shade trees are often detrimental to yields once crops are well established and can provide mutual shade. Today, plant breeders are producing varieties which do not require shade and use the full sun more efficiently, although multipurpose shade trees are still important in smallholdings. Soil erosion in the tropics and subtropics is caused by water rather than wind and can be reduced by maintaining plant cover and by tree planting. While further research is needed, the advantages of agroforestry (combining trees with crops) are being increasingly recognised and promoted to improve tropical land use. A brief description is given of the main genera planted and being considered for planting. These genera are Acacia, Albizia, Calliandra, Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Gliricidia, Gmelina, Leucaena and Sesbania.
Answer:
Explanation:Tropical rainforests are rainforests that occur in areas of tropical rainforest climate in which there is no dry season – all months have an average precipitation of at least 60 mm – and may also be referred to as lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest. True rainforests are typically found between 10 degrees north and south of the equator (see map); they are a sub-set of the tropical forest biome that occurs roughly within the 28-degree latitudes (in the equatorial zone between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn). Within the World Wildlife Fund's biome classification, tropical rainforests are a type of tropical moist broadleaf forest (or tropical wet forest) that also includes the more extensive seasonal tropical forests.[3]
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