Question

Give a long conclusion on heat and thermodynamics for school project class 11...
It's urgent..
Answer it properly...​

Answer 1

Answer:

It is a difficult task for me to translate my work into English, below is a try, it involves some deep topics.

Tackling a Century Mystery: Entropy (2008)

Introduction

Why are we still unable to explain the difficulties caused by a physical concept even after more than 150 years of hard work?

It is a very important milestone in the history of science to introduce the concept of entropy into physics, it was the first time to introduce one-way direction of change into the theory of science, and express irreversibility as the internal property of change. The introduction of the concept of entropy has had an extremely profound impact on the basic view of how science should understand existence and evolution of nature.

However, the introduction of the concept of entropy has also brought serious puzzles into physics, since the heat Q is not a state variable, it is really confusing to define a state function by the aid of a path differential and an inequality. To be exact, in 1854, R.Clausius has only given a symbol without any explanation to the physical meaning of the function S, classical thermodynamics itself cannot explain clearly what entropy is, it can only talking about how the entropy will change.

This is a very strange result difficult to be explain, because the concept of entropy does not seem like to involve the cognitive limits of science in our time, no one can understand what this state function is from classical literatures or any thermodynamic textbook but can only know how the state function will change, is this a perfect result?

The understanding to the entropy today we have mainly come from Boltzmann's statistical theory, in the entropy theorem, Boltzmann pointed out that entropy is proportional to the logarithm of thermodynamic probability, in H theorem, the second law was described to be the state change of thermodynamic probability, this later developed into a very popular view: entropy is a measure of disorder.

Until now, Boltzmann's statistical theory still faces a series of problems, the postulate of equal a priori probability is not applicable to the case when there are interactions within a system, such as multi-phase coexistence in thermodynamic equilibrium, liquid-liquid equilibria in a partially miscible binary system, or the segregation of alloying elements in a solid solution, and the temperature of nuclear spin system, the ordered state of Gibbs free energy, or the gravitational potential energy are some other examples. A very fact is that the postulate of equal a priori probability is not applicable to describe the ordered state of the particle distribution or the energy level distribution, this postulate is only applicable to the case when thermal motion is stronger than interactions. It is quite clear that thermodynamics does not need to consider this postulate, thus, how can one prove that Boltzmann's entropy is exactly equivalent to thermodynamic entropy?

What is puzzling is that we already know that we cannot discuss the second law when ignored the dissipation factors such as friction and viscosity, we also know that these dissipation factors are obviously related to the interactions but not the result of the postulate of equal a priori probability. Whereas, in statistical theory, near independent subsystems or statistical ensemble are the main models to discuss the entropy and the second law, in such ideological system, how can we discuss the dissipation factors such as friction and viscosity?

H theorem have been stumped by the ‘’inversion paradox’’ proposed by J.Loshimidt in 1876, it is also unable to explain the ‘’circular paradox’’ proposed by E.Zermelo based on Poincare recurrence theorem. Boltzmann himself later realized that the H-quantity model as a solution to explain the irreversibility derived from dynamics still has problems that are difficult to explain, it is only a phenomenological model, just as K.R.Poper said: ‘’Boltzmann failed to clarify the state of H theorem, nor did he explain clearly the increase in entropy’’.[1]

Another problem is: since there has been no monotonous function similar to thermodynamic entropy in dynamics, the general mathematical properties of the