give an activity to compare the number of stomata on both side of a leaf
Answers
Explanation:
The stomata are apertures in the epidermis, each bounded by two guard cells. In Greek, stoma means “mouth”, and the term is often used with reference to the stomatal pore only. Esau (1965, p. 158) uses the term stoma to include the guard cells and the pore between them, and we will use her definition. The plural of stoma is stomata. There is no such word as “stomates”.
Stomata occur in vascular plants. Vascular plants include the lower vascular plants such as horsetails (Equisetum), ferns (class Filicinae), gymnosperms, and angiosperms. As noted before, the angiosperms are the flowering plants and this group consists of the two large classes: Monocotyledoneae (monocotyledons) and Dicotyledoneae (dicotyledons) (Fernald, 1950).
By changing their shape, the guard cells control the size of the stomatal aperture. The aperture leads into a substomatal intercellular space, the substomatal chamber, which is continuous with the intercellular spaces in the mesophyll. In many plants, two or more cells adjacent to the guard cells appear to be associated functionally with them and are morphologically distinct from the other epidermal cells. Such cells are called subsidiary, or accessory, cells (Esau, 1965, p. 158).
The stomata are most common on green aerial parts of plants, particularly the leaves. They can also occur on stems, but less commonly than on leaves. The aerial parts of some chlorophyll-free land plants (Monotropa, Neottia) and roots have no stomata as a rule, but rhizomes have such structures (Esau, 1965, p. 158). Stomata occur on some submerged aquatic plants and not on others. The variously colored petals of flowers often have stomata, sometimes nonfunctional. Fruits also can have stomata. Stomata are found on stamens and gynoecia.
Stomata can be distributed in the following ways on the two sides of a leaf:
•
An amphistomatous leaf has stomata on both surfaces. Most plants have such a distribution.
•
A hypostomatous leaf has stomata only on the lower surface. Many tree species are characterized by having hypostomatous leaves, such as horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and basswood (Tilia europaea) (Meidner and Mansfield, 1968; see their Table 1.1). The leaf of poplar (Populus sp.) is an exception. It has stomata on both surfaces and a petiole that allows the leaf to turn readily in the wind. These adaptations may allow its fast growth rate. The fast growth rate of poplar is one reason it is widely used in phytoremediation (use of plants to remove pollutants from soil).
•
An epistomatous leaf has stomata only on the upper surface of the leaf. Some floating plants are epistomatous.
•
A heterostomatous leaf has stomata that occur with more than twice the frequency on the abaxial surface than on the adaxial surface. An isostomatous leaf has stomata that occur with approximately equal frequencies on both surfaces.
The stomatal ratio is the ratio of stomatal frequency on the adaxial surface to that on the abaxial surface.
Answer:
bell jar experiment
Explanation:
keep a jar over two potted plants.......