give examples for antibodies produced from fungi and bacteria. ?
Answers
Answer:
Fungal antigens are used for the identification of filamentous fungi and yeasts in food. This is particularly possible because of the availability of monoclonal antibody technology, which has revolutionized the development process in detection and diagnosis of organisms. It is possible to raise isolate-, species- and genus-specific antibodies that are sensitive and target specific. Raising monoclonal antibodies from the infected food materials, however, has problems tied with the isolation, growth, and extraction of fungal antigens. The immunological diagnosis of foodborne fungi has resulted in several advancements, such as characterization of immunodominant sites and antigenic sugars and proteins in some of the common foodborne fungi, such as Aspergillus, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Monascus, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizopus. The rapid detection of common food spoilage flora in foods with Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium using immunological techniques still is underutilized.
In addition to proteins, the recognition of fungal cell wall- and cell surface-associated or extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) can be deployed using specific immunoassays with appropriate antibodies. Thermostable EPSs of fungi contain mannose, galactose, glucose, fucose, and occasionally glucoronic acid, which are released into the growth medium in variable quantities. Thus the EPS or cell surface proteins could be used to produce polyclonal IgG antibodies in rabbits to be specifically and sensitively used in a number of immunoassays.
Explanation:
Gram-positive bacteria also produce antibodies. One advantage of gram-positive bacteria is that they do not produce endotoxin – a highly immunogenic lipopolysaccharide produced by gram-negative bacteria causes septic shock.