Question

give me 3 structure and function of each of the following
☆nucleus
☆endoplasmic reticulum
☆cytoplasm

Answer 1

Hey there !

Nucleus :

#Structure of nucleus

The cell nucleus consists of a nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope), nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromosomes. Nucleoplasm, also known as karyoplasm, is the matrix present inside the nucleus. Let's discuss in brief about the several parts of a cell nucleus.

#Functions of nucleus

•Storage of hereditary material, the genes in the form of long and thin DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) strands, referred to as chromatin.

•Storage of proteins and RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the nucleolus.

•Nucleus is a site for transcription in which messenger RNA (mRNA) are produced for protein synthesis.

•Exchange of hereditary molecules (DNA and RNA) between the nucleus and the rest of the cell.

•During the cell division, chromatins are arranged into chromosomes in the nucleus.
Production of ribosomes (protein factories) in the nucleolus.

•Selective transportation of regulatory factors and energy molecules through nuclear pores.


Endoplasmic reticulum :

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum membrane system can be morphologically divided into two structures–cisternae and sheets. Cisternae are tubular in structure, and form a three-dimensional polygonal network. They are about 50 nm in diameter in mammals and 30 nm in diameter in yeast. ER sheets, on the other hand, are membrane-enclosed, two-dimensional flattened sacs that extend across the cytoplasm. They are frequently associated with ribosomes and special proteins called translocons that are necessary for protein translation within the RER.

Functions of endoplasmic reticulum

The ER plays a number of roles within the cell, from protein synthesis and lipid metabolism to detoxification of the cell. Cisternae are commonly associated with lipid metabolism since they often create SER. They also appear to be important in maintaining the Ca2+balance within the cell and in the interaction of the ER with mitochondria. This interaction also influences the aerobic status of the cell.

Cytoplasm :

Structure of cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is unusual because it is unlike any other fluid found in the physical world. Liquids that are studied to understand diffusion usually contain a few solutes in an aqueous environment. However, the cytoplasm is a complex and crowded system containing a wide range of particles – from ions and small molecules, to proteins as well as giant multi protein complexes and organelles. These constituents are moved across the cell depending on the requirements of the cell along an elaborate cytoskeleton with the help of specialized motor proteins. The movement of such large particles also changes the physical properties of the cytosol.

Functions of cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the site for most of the enzymatic reactions and metabolic activity of the cell. Cellular respiration begins in the cytoplasm with anaerobic respiration or glycolysis. This reaction provides the intermediates that are used by the mitochondria to generate ATP. In addition, the translation of mRNA into proteins on ribosomes also occurs mostly in the cytoplasm. Some of it happens on free ribosomes suspended in the cytosol while the rest happens on ribosomes anchored on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Hope it helps you !

Answer 2

The endoplasmic reticulum is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane .
Nucleus is basically the cell brain . It is an organelle present in all eukaryotic cells . It is fully enclosed by nuclear memberane . It stores the DNA .
Cytoplasm is a jelly like structure , all the chemical reactions take place here . It consists of enzymes for break down of waste . It is responsible for giving a shape to the cell.
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