Give two reasons how India’s wealth was being taken away to England
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In a debate at the Oxford Union Society on May 28, Shashi Tharoor, Congress member of Parliament, made a case for the British paying reparations to India for the many ills caused by colonialism, among which deindustrialisation was a major consequence.
Deindustrialisation between 1750 and 1900 stifled India’s nascent industry. It made India a supplier of raw materials to Britain and a market for its goods, following the latter’s industrial revolution. As industry suffered, labour fell back onto agriculture.
Deindustrialisation, however, is complex and contradictory, and saw various phases. The word entered the political lexicon in the early 20th century when nationalist historians and politicians such as Romesh Chunder Dutt and Dadabhai Naoroji mentioned it, as did Jawaharlal Nehru in his Discovery of India.
The facts are indisputable: for instance, India had 25 percent of world industrial output in 1750, and this dwindled to two percent in 1900. What constituted industrial output at that time was different from now: luxury goods: fine cottons and silks, jewellery and brassware. It also included spices and saltpetre. In fact, raw cotton of the kind produced in India, didn’t find much favour in international markets. Until the 1840s, 80 percent of British raw cotton came from America and only 13 percent from India.
Among the first to actually quantify deindustrialisation was Amiya Bagchi in 1976. He used data from the region around the mid-Gangetic plain collected by the British administrator Buchanan Hamilton in the early 19th century. Bagchi then compared these to census figures of 1901. Accounting for factors such the rate of growth, soil productivity, etc., it appears that around 18.6 percent of the population was engaged in handloom spinning and weaving in the early years, and this dropped to 8.5 a century later.
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