glycolysis is a chain of ten reaction. Explain all the steps involved in it.
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Glycolysis, also known as the Embden-Myerhof pathway, is defined as starting with glucose and ending with 2 pyruvates plus concomitant production of 2 ATP. However, it is extremely important to look at a complete balanced equation, which we can later shorten for convenience:
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ →
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
The important products are pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
Conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvates is a net oxidation reaction, which is why NAD gets involved. Oxidation takes place via dehydrogenation, producing NADH. It is crucially important to understand that the amount of NADH produced equals the amount of pyruvate. Under anaerobic conditions these combine stoichiometrically to form lactate (in humans and other animals), so that the net equation is
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
Without this recycling of NAD, glycolysis could not run for long under anaerobic conditions.
Though the yield of ATP may seem low, the pathway can run very fast, producing ATP fast enough to support life anaerobically and contribute substantially to intense exercise. Many of the cells of our body use anaerobic glycolysis as a main energy source. Red blood cells use it exclusively.
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ →
2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O
The important products are pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
Conversion of glucose to 2 pyruvates is a net oxidation reaction, which is why NAD gets involved. Oxidation takes place via dehydrogenation, producing NADH. It is crucially important to understand that the amount of NADH produced equals the amount of pyruvate. Under anaerobic conditions these combine stoichiometrically to form lactate (in humans and other animals), so that the net equation is
Glucose + 2 Pi + 2 ADP → 2 lactate + 2 ATP + 2 H2O
Without this recycling of NAD, glycolysis could not run for long under anaerobic conditions.
Though the yield of ATP may seem low, the pathway can run very fast, producing ATP fast enough to support life anaerobically and contribute substantially to intense exercise. Many of the cells of our body use anaerobic glycolysis as a main energy source. Red blood cells use it exclusively.
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