Question

helo dear's ...what is HOW DOES THE CHEMICAL " DICLOFENAC " AFFECT VULTURES ? ...?​

Answer 1

A᭄nswer:-

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Nine species of vulture can be found living in India, but most are now in danger of extinction after a rapid and major population collapse in recent decades.As recently as the 1980s there were up to 80 million white-rumped vultures (Gyps bengalensis) in India, but today the population numbers only several thousand.

✫ The white-rumped vulture, one of the species devastated in the crisis photographed in Mangaon, Raigad, Maharashtra

✫ Both White-rumped vulture and Indian vulture in crisis photographed in Mangaon

Healthy flock of White-rumped vultures (Gyps bengalensis) & Indian vultures (Gyps indicus) from Mangaon, Maharashtra, India in March 2020

Gathered flock over ground near carcass in Mangaon, Maharashtra, India - March 2020

Population of three Gyps vultures in South Asia decreased by about 95% in the 1990s. A major contributing factor in declining populations of vultures is believed to be widespread use of drugs such as diclofenac, once commonly used as a livestock anti-inflammatory drug. Veterinary usage of diclofenac has been banned in India since 2006. The IUCN Red Data Book has listed Gyps bengalensis as "critically endangered". In winter 2012, 56 vultures in three species (Eurasian griffon, cinereous vulture, Egyptian vulture) and 10 stepe eagles were found dead at Jorbeer dumping site. Six Eurasian griffons were found dead in May 2013 due to dehydration and wing weakness. The area has been declared as a conserved forest area, but the dead animal dumping site is not part of the protected area.

The dramatic vulture decline observed across India presents a range of ecological threats, by influencing the numbers and distribution of other scavenging species. Increased feral dog populations have been reported all over in India, posing many associated disease risks such as rabies to humans and wildlife. India already accounts for a very high incidence of rabies cases, and an absolute shortage of quality anti-rabies vaccine in rural areas can aggravate the problem even further. Similarly, increased crow populations at carcass sites near settlement areas pose a risk of infections to poultry, domesticated birds, and humans. Prevalence and concentration of diclofenac residues in ungulate carcasses is important for India's threatened vulture populations. A small proportion (< 0.8%) of ungulate carcasses containing lethal levels of diclofenac is enough to cause the observed rapid decline of vultures population. (Bohra D L)

Vultures previously played an important role in public sanitation in India and their disappearance has resulted in a number of problems, and as such numerous conservation schemes are in place to assist in the recovery of vulture populations.

Answer 2

Answer:

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Vultures are exposed to the drug, when they consume carcasses of animals that were treated with diclofenac shortly before death. Vultures die from kidney failure within days of exposure to diclofenac-contaminated tissues, with post-mortem findings of extensive visceral gout (Oaks et al.