Question

Here is the question.....................


what is homolytic cleavage and heterolytic cleavage??

Answer 1

Homolytic cleavage is the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that each fragment gets one of the shared electrons.

The word homolytic comes from the Greek homoios, "equal", and lysis, "loosening".

For example, the homolytic cleavage of a Br-Br bond is



Homolytic cleavage produces free radicals — atoms with unpaired valence electrons.



What is heterolytic or ionic fission?

Heterolytic or ionic fission is the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that one atom gets both of the shared electrons.

The word heterolytic comes from the Greek heteros, "different", and lysis, "loosening".

Heterolytic cleavage is most likely to occur in polar bonds. And the electrons will move toward the more electronegative atom.

If both atoms are originally uncharged, the process generates a cation and an anion.



An example is the heterolytic cleavage of the C-Br bond in t-butyl bromide.



Since Br is more electronegative than C, the electrons move to the Br. We get a t-butyl cation and a bromide anion.

Answer 2

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☆ HOMOLYTIC =>
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● Homolytic cleavage is the cleavage in which a covalent bond breaks in such a way that each atom takes away one electron of the shared pair.

● Homolytic cleavage results in the generation of free radicals, which are neutral species (atoms or group) which contain an unpaired electron.

● Homolytic cleavage can be represented as follows :-


$r - x = = = = > \binom{.}{r} + \binom{.}{x} \\ \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: alkyl \: free \: \\ \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: radical \\ (with \: pesence \: of \: heat \: and \: light)$


● The cleavage often takes place in non-polar bonds and favoured by high temperature.

● Ultraviolet radiations and by the presence of radical initiators such as peroxide.


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☆ HETEROLYTIC =>
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● Heterolytic cleavage is the cleavage in which a covalent bond breaks in which such a way that both electron of the covalent bond are taken away by one of bonded atoms.

● it results in the generation of changes species.

● carbocations and anions or carboanions and cations. it can be represented as follows :-

$h_{3}c - br = = = > { h_{3}c }^{ + } + {br}^{ - } \\ \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: methyl \\ \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: carbocation$


● This type of cleavage usaully occurs in polar covalent compound and is favoured by polar solvent


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