Question

HEY GUYS....... I WANT NOTES OF CLASS-9, SUBJECT-BIOLOGY, CHAPTER NAME-DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS. PLZ GIVE NOTES WHICH ARE EASY TO LEARN. PLZ GUYS tomorrow is my exam.

Answer 1

Introduction to Taxonomy

Diversity

Diversity is the presence of different organisms in the same ecosystem or geographical location.

Diversity gives a chance for a more balanced ecosystem.

Evolution

Evolution is the slow process by which the organisms change according to the needs to survive the environment around them.

Evolution leads to the formation of new organisms and more diversity in the ecosystem.

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin was an English biologist and a naturalist.

He travelled on HMS Beagle to Galapagos Island in South America.

Using his observation, he proposed the theory of evolution in his book On the Origin of Species.

Taxonomy

Taxonomy is the branch of science that deals with the classification of organisms.

Taxonomical Hierarchy

Hierarchy of Classification

Organisms are arranged into groups/levels according to their similarities.

As we go up the hierarchy, the organisms have lesser similarity.

Kingdom

A kingdom is the highest level of classification which consists of a number of phyla or divisions(in case of plants) with similar characteristics.

Phylum/Division

Phylum/Division is a level of classification which consists of a number of classes with similar characteristics.

Class

A class is the level of classification which consists of a number of orders with similar characteristics.

Order

An order is the level of classification which consists of a number of families with similar characteristics.

Family

A family is the level of classification which consists a number of Genus with similar characteristics.

Genus

Genus is the level of classification which consists of a number of species with similar characteristics.

Species

Species is the level of classification which consists of a number of organisms with similar characteristics and can interbreed to give rise to a fertile offspring.

Hierarchy of Classification

 

Nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

Carolus Linnaeus is a Swedish botanist and physician who also called 'Father of taxonomy'.

He introduced the Binomial nomenclature and laid the ground rules which paved way for modern taxonomy.

Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature was introduced by Linnaeus as a method of naming organisms in taxonomy.

It consists of two parts.

The first part is the Genus name which is written in capital.

The second part is the species name, which is not capitalised.

Five Kingdom Classification

5 Kingdom classification

5 Kingdom classification is the most accepted system of classification given by R.H.Whittaker.

This classification solved most of the issues in taxonomy related to placement of bacteria and fungi.  

The 5 kingdoms are Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.

Kingdom Monera

Monera

All the prokaryotic organisms are placed in this Kingdom.

Bacteria and their ancient cousin, archaebacteria are the organisms that makeup Kingdom Monera.  

These are prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic/heterotrophic organisms.

Bacteria have a cell wall made up of polysaccharides.

Archea

The category in the kingdom Monera which consists of the organisms surviving in extreme hot conditions.

They are considered to be the most ancient living organism present on the planet.

Eubacteria

Eubacteria is phylum of Monera consists of all the bacteria that survive in a normal environment.

All the major helpful and pathogenic bacteria we know today fall under this category.

Gram +ve/-ve bacteria

Some bacteria have a very thick cell wall which makes them take up Gram stain and appear violet.

There are other bacteria which have a thin cell wall and on Gram staining appear pink.

Usually, gram +ve bacteria are pathogenic in nature.

Kingdom Protista

Protista

Kingdom Protista is made up of all the eukaryotic unicellular organism except yeast.

Protozoan

Protozoans are the unicellular eukaryotic organisms that come under the Kingdom Protista.

Examples include paramecium, amoeba, Plasmodium, euglena, leishmania etc.

Fungi like Protists

This kingdom includes unicellular fungi like yeast and moulds.  

Plant-like Protists

Kingdom Protista includes some unicellular algae which are photosynthetic.

Answer 2

Hey!!!!

Here are some notes for the Chapter Diversity in Living Organisms...

✔ The classification is based on Three levels of organisation.

a) The prokaryotic versus eukaryotic structure of cell.

b) Unicellular versus multicellular organisation.

c) Three different modes of nutrition i.e. autotrophic, heterotrophic and saprophytic.

✔ Hierarchy of Categories

KINGDOM

⬆

PHYLUM / DIVISION

⬆

CLASS

⬆

FAMILY

⬆

GENUS

⬆

SPECIES

For the more notes u may refer to the above attachment....

The attached notes are my own...

Hope they'll help you

#BE BRAINLY