Question

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What is meant by photoperiod?

How it affects the reproduction in the seasonal breeders?

Answer 1

Photoperiod- the period of time each day during which an organism receives illumination; day length.

Photoperiod affects reproductio in seasonal breeders, both plants and animals. In animals photoperiod affects the seasonal breeder through changes in melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. The reproductive axis is controlled by melatonin which is secreted at night only and therefore relays day length to the body.  Photoperiod also affects testis size which ultimately causes causes gonad regression. Animals generally reproduce during spring and summer to take advantage of the warmer temperatures. 

In plants photoperiod directly affects flowering by regulating the secretion of florigen and vernalin. Plants flower in response to the relative lengths of day and night.​ Plants produce pollen when pollinators will be active and help in transfer of pollens. 

Answer 2

the period of time each day during which an organism receives illumination; day length.

As the day length decreases going from summer into winter, the increase in melatonin production cues the development of reproductive function in both the ovaries of hinds and the testes of stags, leading to the mating season (rut) in autumn. This is why red deer and wapiti are often referred to as ‘short-day breeders’. Thus, photoperiod controls the timing of conceptions in hinds