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Explain the location,structure and functions of kidney in human beings.Also draw an appropriate diagram supporting your answer.
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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs present in all vertebrates. They remove waste products from the body, maintain balanced electrolyte levels, and regulate blood pressure.
The kidneys are some of the most important organs. The Ancient Egyptians left only the brain and kidneys in position before embalming a body, inferring that the held a higher value.
In this article, we will look at the structure and function of the kidneys, diseases that affect them, and how to keep the kidneys healthy.
Structure
Kidneys
The kidneys play a role in maintaining the balance of body fluids and regulating blood pressure, among other functions.
The kidneys are at the back of the abdominal cavity, with one sitting on each side of the spine.
The right kidney is generally slightly smaller and lower than the left, to make space for the liver.
Each kidney weighs 125–170 grams (g) in males and 115–155 g in females.
A tough, fibrous renal capsule surrounds each kidney. Beyond that, two layers of fat serve as protection. The adrenal glands lay on top of the kidneys.
Inside the kidneys are a number of pyramid-shaped lobes. Each consists of an outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla. Nephrons flow between these sections. These are the urine-producing structures of the kidneys.
Blood enters the kidneys through the renal arteries and leaves through the renal veins. The kidneys are relatively small organs but receive 20–25 percent of the heart's output.
Each kidney excretes urine through a tube called the ureter that leads to the bladder.
Function
The main role of the kidneys is maintaining homeostasis. This means they manage fluid levels, electrolyte balance, and other factors that keep the internal environment of the body consistent and comfortable.
They serve a wide range of functions.
Waste excretion
The kidneys remove a number of waste products and get rid of them in the urine. Two major compounds that the kidneys remove are:
urea, which results from the breakdown of proteins
uric acid from the breakdown of nucleic acids
Reabsorption of nutrients
kidney cross section
Functions of the kidneys include removing waste, reabsorbing nutrients, and maintaining pH balance.
The kidneys reabsorb nutrients from the blood and transport them to where they would best support health.
They also reabsorb other products to help maintain homeostasis.
Reabsorbed products include:
glucose
amino acids
bicarbonate
sodium
water
phosphate
chloride, sodium, magnesium, and potassium ions
Maintaining pH
In humans, the acceptable pH level is between 7.38 and 7.42. Below this boundary, the body enters a state of acidemia, and above it, alkalemia.
Outside this range, proteins and enzymes break down and can no longer function. In extreme cases, this can be fatal.
The kidneys and lungs help keep a stable pH within the human body. The lungs achieve this by moderating the concentration of carbon dioxide.
The kidneys manage the pH through two processes:
Reabsorbing and regenerating bicarbonate from urine: Bicarbonate helps neutralize acids. The kidneys can either retain it if the pH is tolerable or release it if acid levels rise.
Excreting hydrogen ions and fixed acids: Fixed or nonvolatile acids are any acids that do not occur as a result of carbon dioxide. They result from the incomplete metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. They include lactic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid.
Osmolality regulation
Osmolality is a measure of the body's electrolyte-water balance, or the ratio between fluid and minerals in the body. Dehydration is a primary cause of electrolyte imbalance.
If osmolality rises in the blood plasma, the hypothalamus in the brain responds by passing a message to the pituitary gland. This, in turn, releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
In response to ADH, the kidney makes a number of changes, including:
increasing urine concentration
increasing water reabsorption
reopening portions of the collecting duct that water cannot normally enter, allowing water back into the body
retaining urea in the medulla of the kidney rather than excreting it, as it draws in water
Regulating blood pressure
The kidneys regulate blood pressure when necessary, but they are responsible for slower adjustments.
They adjust long-term pressure in the arteries by causing changes in the fluid outside of cells. The medical term for this fluid is extracellular fluid.
These fluid changes occur after the release of a vasoconstrictor called angiotensin II. Vasoconstrictors are hormones that cause blood vessels to narrow.
They work with other functions to increase the kidneys' absorption of sodium chloride, or salt. This effectively increases the size of the extracellular fluid compartment and raises blood pressure.
Anything that alters blood pressure can damage the kidneys over time, including excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and obesity.
Secretion of active compounds
The kidneys release a number of important compounds, including: