Question

Heya✌️♥️✌️ CBSE 11th class mates...



✔️✔️ Provide me the summary of Ch - 2



STRUCTURE OF ATOM

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Answer 1

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Atom is the smallest indivisible particle of the matter. Atom is made of electron, proton and

Electrons were discovered using cathode ray discharge tube experiment.

Nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in 1911.

Cathode ray discharge tube experiment: A cathode ray discharge tube madeof glass is taken with two electrodes. At very low pressure and high voltage,current starts flowing through a stream of particles moving in the tube fromcathode to anode. These rays were called cathode rays. When a perforatedanode was taken, the cathode rays struck the other end of the glass tube atthe fluorescent coating and a bright spot on the coating was developed

Results of Rutherford experiments:

a. Cathode rays consist of negatively charged electrons.

b. Cathode rays themselves are not visible but their behavior can be observed with help of fluorescent or phosphorescent materials.

c. In absence of electrical or magnetic field cathode rays travel in straight linesd. In presence of electrical or magnetic field, behaviour of cathode rays is similar to that shown by electrons

e. The characteristics of the cathode rays do not depend upon the material of the electrodes and the nature of the gas present in the cathode ray tube.

Charge to mass ratio of an electron was determined by Thomson. The chargeto mass ratio of an electron as 1.758820 x 1011. C kg-1

Charge on an electron was determined by R A Millikan by using an oil dropexperiment. The value of the charge on an electron is -1.6 x 10-19C.

The mass on an electron was determined by combining the results ofThomson’s experiment and Millikan’s oil drop experiment. The mass of anelectron was determined to be 9.1094 x 10-31kg.

Discovery of protons and canal rays:

Modified cathode ray tube experimentwas carried out which led to the discovery of protons.

Characteristics of positively charged particles:

a. Charge to mass ratio of particles depends on gas from which these originateb. The positively charged particles depend upon the nature of gas present in the cathode ray discharge tube

c. Some of the positively charged particles carry a multiple of fundamental of electrical charge.d. Behaviour of positively charged particles in electrical or magnetic field is opposite to that observed for cathode rays

Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick by bombarding a thin sheet of beryllium by α- particles. They are electrically neutral particles having a mass slightly greater than that of the protons.

Atomic number (Z) : the number of protons present in the nucleus(Moseley1913).

Mass Number (A) :Sum of the number of protons and neutrons present in thenucleus.

Answer 2

Answer:

Mandela, a South African freedom fighter and a political prisoner for 27 years, tells his own saga of how he helped his black countrymen throw off their apartheid chains, how the African National Congress waged and won its struggle, and how he became his nation's first black president.