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⚪SALE OF INDULGENCES⚪
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In the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, an indulgence is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins". It may reduce the "temporal punishment for sin" after death, in the state or process of purification called Purgatory.
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Martin Luther (1483-1546) was born in Thuringia (Saxony) in what is now the country of Germany. His father was a successful foundry owner and mine operator, so he had enough money to sent his son to study law in the town of Erfurt. Instead, Luther joined the religious order of the Augustinian Hermits and studied theology. He studied under Johann von Staupitz, and eventually replaced him as the professor of Biblical studies at the University of Wittenburg. Luther remained there for most of the rest of his life.
While in his early thirties, Luther began to have doubts about the theological basis for much of the daily practices of the Catholic Church. In other words, he wondered if all of the things done by Catholic leaders could be justified. To organize his thinking, Luther composed a list of statements and questions that became known as the "95 Theses." In November 1517 someone printed and distributed them without his permission, causing a stir throughout the highest levels of the Catholic Church. The Pope condemned him in 1520 (papal bull Exsurge Domine) but all that did was make Luther more radical. In the same year, Luther wrote the Freedom of a Christian, The Pagan Servitude of the Church, and An Appeal to the Ruling Class of the German Nation. They explained Luther's theory of salvation (soteriology), his theory of the church (ecclesiology) and his theory of the role of the state in church reform. Although his writings made Luther the philosophical leader of the Protestant Reformation, they also increased the pressure on him to recant. The Holy Roman Emperor found him guilty of heresy at a religious trial at the city of Worms, but when Luther refused to back down, he became the Reformation's moral leader as well.
This reading contains the text of Luther's "95 Theses," which express his concerns about the sale of indulgences by the Catholic church.
Definitions
canon law: rules made by councils of prelates of the Catholic church (distinct from rules found in the Bible, like the Ten Commandments)
Diet of Worms: a Catholic court that met in the German city of Worms and confirmed Martin Luther's excommunication in 1521
indulgence: a pardon for certain types of sin. The Catholic Church sold indulgences in the late medieval period, and their sale motivated Martin Luther to present his "95 Theses."
Martin Luther: German monk who questioned the leadership and theology of the Catholic Church in 1517. His questions provided the basis for the Protestant Reformation.
John Tetzel: monk who sold indulgences in Germany in 1517 for Albert of Hohenzollern (a German noble) and Pope Leo X. That triggered Martin Luther's posting of the "95 Theses" in Wittenburg.
Wartburg: German castle owned by Frederick "the Wise," To avoid execution for his questioning of the papacy, Martin Luther hid there from 1520-1521, and used the time to translate the New Testament of the Christian Bible into German.
Wittenburg: university town where Martin Luther studied, became a professor, and posted his "95 Theses" in 1517, thereby challenging Catholic teaching and leadership
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