Highest level of biotic interaction is which type of interaction
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Answer:
21.4.1 Redox Reactions of Nitrogen
Nitrogen undergoes oxidation (nitrification) and reduction (denitrification) reactions in soil. The redox reactions of N in soil are mediated mainly by soil microorganisms (biotic transformation). Nitrification refers to the microbial oxidation of NH4+ to NO3−, known as nitrification (Eq. 21.3). NH4+ ions are released either indirectly from the ammonification reaction of organic matter and organic forms of N fertilizers or directly from the solubilization of ammonium fertilizers. The nitrification reaction includes two stages in which the NH4+ ions are first converted into NO3−.
(21.3)2NH4++4O2→2NO3−+4H++2H2O
Nitrate formed through the further oxidation of NO3− or added through nitrate compounds is subject to a number of processes, including plant uptake, leaching losses, immobilization, and denitrification. Under reduced conditions, some