Question

hllo guys ... can anyone give me notes of chapter nationalism nationalism in Europe

Answer 1

Nationalism and Imperialism

Idealistic liberal democratic sentiments because of a narrow creed with limited ends. Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.After 1871 nationalist tension mounted in Europe in the area called Balkan’s. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.A large part of Balkans was under the contral of the ottoman Empire.The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans and downfall of Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.As the different Slavic nationalist struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkans became an area of conflict.There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies.This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war.Many countries in the world which had been colonized by the European powers in the 19th century began to oppose imperial domination.The anti-imperial movements developed nationalism and formed independent nationstates.

A New Conservatism after 1815

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European govts were driven by the spirit of conservatism.Conservatives believed in traditional institutions of state & society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and the family be preserved.In 1815 representatives of the European powers. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.The treaty of Vienna of 1815. The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed after the French revolution was restored to power.Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and sought to curb the activities.Most of them imposed censorship laws to control newspapers, books plays and songs and reflected ideas of liberty and freedom.

Important Questions

1. Why did Nationalist conflict rise in the Balkans?
2. Describe the rise of Nationalism in the third phase of 19th century in Europe.
3. What do you understand by the term conservatism?
4. When was Napoleon defeated and who defeated him?
5. Explain the treaty of Vienna what were its objectives?
6. What type of conservative order existed in Europe in 1815?

Answer 2

In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four print visualizing his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social republic, as he called them.Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a female figure.According to Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.This chapter will deal with many of the issues visualized by Sorrieu.During the nineteenth century, nationalism emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.The end result of these changes was the emergence of the nation-state in the place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.But a nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent.This chapter will look at the diverse processes through which nation-states and nationalism came into being in nineteenth-century Europe.
The French Revolution and the idea of the Nation

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.The political and constitutional changes that came in the wake of the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French citizens.The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.The revolutionaries further declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism.Students and other members of educated middle classes began setting up Jacobin club.Their activities and campaigns prepared the way for the French armies which moved into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790’s.The French armies began to carry the idea of nationalism abroad.Through a return to monarchy Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and efficient.Frederic Sorrieu: He was a French artist famous for prints prepared in 1948 that visualized the dream of a world consisting of Democratic and Social Republics.Nineteenth Century: Associated with the rise of nationalism and nation states.Nationalism: A feeling of oneness with the society or the state, love and devotion for the motherland and belief in the political identity of one‟s country are the basic attributes of nationalism.Nation State :A state that establishes itself as a separate political and geographical entity and functions as a complete and sovereign territorial unit. This concept emerged in 19th century Europe as a result of the growth of nationalism.Modern State: A state in which  sovereignty is exercised by a centralized power over a specific territory and population.Absolutist Government A system of government wherein limitless powers are vested in a single person or body. It is a monarchical form of government in which the ruler is the absolute authority and is not answerable to anybody.

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