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✏✏✏How can we say that shells are negative?
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»» Firstly, it is lower in energy — but has a higher binding energy. This is because we express the energy of bound electrons with the 0 energy being a “free electron”.
»» Since you have to put in energy to free an electron, this means that we express the energies of electrons in the shells around the nucleus as negative.
=> For example, the electron in hydrogen in its ground state has:
E = -(me^4/8€^2 h^2)*1/n^2 ......✔️✔️
»» Which, when you plug in the numbers gives you:
E(ground)=−2.18×10−18J=−13.6ev
E(ground)=−2.18×10−18J=−13.6ev
»» This means that you need to give 13.6eV of energy to the electron to free it from the system.
»» Therefore, when we say “lower” energy, we mean “more negative” — so the electrons are more tightly bounded.
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✨ Hope it helps !!!........✌✌
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