how Aryans looked like and how they develop their civilizations
Answers
Explanation:
Indigenous Aryans, also known as the Out of India theory (OIT), is the fringe[note 1] idea that the Aryans are indigenous to the Indian subcontinent,[1] and that the Indo-European languages radiated out from a homeland in India into their present locations.[1] Reflecting traditional Indian views[2] based on the Puranic chronology, the indigenist view proposes an older date than is generally accepted for the Vedic period, and argues that the Indus Valley Civilization was a Vedic civilization. In this view, "the Indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the Sindhu-Sarasvati (or Indus) tradition (7000 or 8000 BCE)."[3] It is presented as an alternative to the established migration model,[4] which proposes the Pontic steppe as the area of origin of the Indo-European languages.[5][6][7]
The proposal is based on traditional and religious views on Indian history and identity, and plays a significant role in Hindutva politics.[8][9][2][web 1][web 2] Support for this idea mostly exists among Indian scholars of Hindu religion and the history and archaeology of India,[10][11][12][4] and has no support in mainstream scholarship.[note 1]
Historical background
The standard view on the origins of the Indo-Aryans is the Indo-Aryan migration theory, which states that they entered north-western India at about 1500 BCE.[5] The Puranic chronology, the timeline of events in ancient Indian history as narrated in the Mahabaratha, the Ramayana, and the Puranas, envisions a much older chronology for the Vedic culture. In this view, the Vedas were received thousands of years ago, and the start of the reign of Manu Vaivasvate, the Manu of the current kalpa (aeon) and the progenitor of humanity, may be dated as far back 7350 BCE.[13] The Kurukshetra War, the background-scene of the Bhagavad Gita, which may relate historical events taking place ca. 1000 BCE at the heartland of Aryavarta,[14][15] is dated in this chronology at ca. 3100 BCE.
Indigenists, reflecting traditional Indian views on history and religion,[2] argue that the Aryans are indigenous to India, which challenges the standard view.[5] In the 1980s and 1990s, the indigenous position has come to the foreground of the public debate.[16]
Aryan Invasion theory
In the 1850s, Max Müller introduced the notion of two Aryan races, a western and an eastern one, who migrated from the Caucasus into Europe and India respectively. Müller dichotomized the two groups, ascribing greater prominence and value to the western branch. Nevertheless, this "eastern branch of the Aryan race was more powerful than the indigenous eastern natives, who were easy to conquer."[17] By the 1880s, his ideas had been adapted by racist ethnologists. For example, as an exponent of race science, colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley (1851 – 1911) used the ratio of nose width to height to divide Indian people into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven castes.[18][19]
The idea of an Aryan "invasion" was fueled by the discovery of the Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation, which declined around the period of the Indo-Aryan migration, suggesting a destructive invasion. This argument was developed by the mid-20th century archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, who interpreted the presence of many unburied corpses found in the top levels of Mohenjo-daro as the victims of conquests. He famously stated that the Vedic god "Indra stands accused" of the destruction of the Indus Civilisation.[20] Scholarly critics have since argued that Wheeler misinterpreted his evidence and that the skeletons were better explained as hasty interments, not unburied victims of a massacre.[20]
Indo-Iranian migrations according to Kazanas.[21]
Indo-Aryan migration theory
Main articles: Indo-Aryan migration theory and Indo-European migrations
Indo-European migrations, which Indo-Aryan migrations were part of, c. 4000 to 1000 BC according to the Kurgan model: the assumed Urheimat (Samara culture, Sredny Stog culture, and the subsequent Yamna culture) (pink); the area which Indo-European-speaking peoples may have settled up to c. 2500 BC (red); and the area up to 1000 BC (orange).[22][23]
See also: Language shift and Sanskritization