Question

How can systematic errors be calculated?

Answer 1

Random errors are statistical fluctuations (in either direction) in themeasured data due to the precision limitations of the measurement device. ... Unlike random errors, systematic errors cannot be detected or reduced by increasing the number of observations.

Answer 2

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• Such errors are calculated by measuring already known values.

• We can use the standard uncertainty directly, not the correction for the population size. 

It is one whose value is consistent, whereas random error changes unpredictably. 

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