how can we achieve the goal of dencentralised elementary education
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India is chiefly characterised by hierarchical social order and plagued by discrimination and wide ranging disparities. In such a scenario, can disparities and decentralisation co-exist? Can democratisation in its true spirit be realised without the relevant evolution of the society and its institutions which thrive on the prevalent multiple incapacities and discriminations benefiting the political agendas of the local elite and disempowering the grassroots India. Decentralisation has prevailed in practice since the early ages in India; in the Constitution since 1950s. However, post 1992 Amendment, significant progress has taken place in the form of legislations. This paper is an attempt to understand how the process of decentralisation has unfolded in rural India particularly with reference to governance in education. Can decentralisation reforms in education achieve the goal of universal elementary education?
Introduction-
Equality and inclusiveness are the basic features of a true democratic society. The diversity in India expresses the need of democratic decentralisation, to facilitate enhanced people’s participation in all aspects of life and increased accountability of the governance bodies. Inequality exists due to various demographic variables such as religion, ethnicity, gender, caste, class, and geographical conditions etc. which act as contributing factors towards inequality in education also.
Governance in education system has been decentralised corresponding to the three tier system of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Assuming that local institutions and agencies can better understand local priorities, problems and their solutions, responsibilities of educational governance at the local/ village level have been devolved to these local bodies. Democratic management of educational institutions aims to ensure increased access (equality) to education facilities by adopting inclusive approaches which shall accommodate the local needs and aspirations. Decentralisation thus becomes a medium to ensure equality and quality in education. This equality in education will ultimately lead to equality in other walks of life and will result in inclusive society.
Therefore, decentralisation has also been termed as ‘democratic decentralisation’ (Mukundan, 2003; Govinda & Bandyopadhyay, 2010) as a part and parcel of democratic system. In other words, it is an essential component of democratic system. The basic tenets of democracy are equality, liberty, fraternity and justice. Owing to this nature of the system, it (democracy) needs decentralisation in all its aspects i.e. social, political and economic. Decentralisation has been defined as “the transfer of decision making authority, responsibility and task from higher to lower organizational levels or between organizations” (Hanson, 1998)
Decentralization provides several benefit like, increasing people’s participation and access to decision-making, especially for the poor; increasing the range of people’s choices; effective delivery of services; facilitate improved interaction between people and governments, making government more responsive leading to greater transparency and accountability. However, decentralization suffers several constraints which hinder its implementation and practice for effective governance.
Decentralised Governance in India-
Article 40C of the Constitution of India states that “The state shall take steps to organize village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self government.” Decentralization of governance was therefore the agenda of the government in India from the onset of the Constitution in India in 1950. However, it was not given due importance over the next four decades up to the early nineties.
Bureaucratic control, Sheshagiri & Upendranadh (2008) state, coupled with the dominance of a single political party both at the centre and the states, and the process of cen
Introduction-
Equality and inclusiveness are the basic features of a true democratic society. The diversity in India expresses the need of democratic decentralisation, to facilitate enhanced people’s participation in all aspects of life and increased accountability of the governance bodies. Inequality exists due to various demographic variables such as religion, ethnicity, gender, caste, class, and geographical conditions etc. which act as contributing factors towards inequality in education also.
Governance in education system has been decentralised corresponding to the three tier system of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). Assuming that local institutions and agencies can better understand local priorities, problems and their solutions, responsibilities of educational governance at the local/ village level have been devolved to these local bodies. Democratic management of educational institutions aims to ensure increased access (equality) to education facilities by adopting inclusive approaches which shall accommodate the local needs and aspirations. Decentralisation thus becomes a medium to ensure equality and quality in education. This equality in education will ultimately lead to equality in other walks of life and will result in inclusive society.
Therefore, decentralisation has also been termed as ‘democratic decentralisation’ (Mukundan, 2003; Govinda & Bandyopadhyay, 2010) as a part and parcel of democratic system. In other words, it is an essential component of democratic system. The basic tenets of democracy are equality, liberty, fraternity and justice. Owing to this nature of the system, it (democracy) needs decentralisation in all its aspects i.e. social, political and economic. Decentralisation has been defined as “the transfer of decision making authority, responsibility and task from higher to lower organizational levels or between organizations” (Hanson, 1998)
Decentralization provides several benefit like, increasing people’s participation and access to decision-making, especially for the poor; increasing the range of people’s choices; effective delivery of services; facilitate improved interaction between people and governments, making government more responsive leading to greater transparency and accountability. However, decentralization suffers several constraints which hinder its implementation and practice for effective governance.
Decentralised Governance in India-
Article 40C of the Constitution of India states that “The state shall take steps to organize village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self government.” Decentralization of governance was therefore the agenda of the government in India from the onset of the Constitution in India in 1950. However, it was not given due importance over the next four decades up to the early nineties.
Bureaucratic control, Sheshagiri & Upendranadh (2008) state, coupled with the dominance of a single political party both at the centre and the states, and the process of cen
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