how did the first human came to existence??
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Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs -- evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics -- such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language -- developed more recently. Many advanced traits -- including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years.
Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa.
Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species -- certainly the majority of them – left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species.
Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much later. For instance, people first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000 years and to the Americas within the past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations occurred within the past 12,000 years.
Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs -- evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics -- such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language -- developed more recently. Many advanced traits -- including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years.
Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called “pygmy chimpanzees”) and gorillas -- share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa.
Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species -- certainly the majority of them – left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species.
Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much later. For instance, people first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000 years and to the Americas within the past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations occurred within the past 12,000 years.
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Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 150,000 years ago. The modern human, known as Homo sapiens sapiens, is a sub species of the original Home sapiens. We are constantly thinking about our origins. Where are we from? How did we develop into the most common species on the planet? Paleoanthropologists have all sorts of theories for every aspect of our origins, including where are the first modern humans from? There are two major theories to answer this question, the first is Multiregional Evolution, and the second is Complete Replacement.
The first Homo arose from the continent of Africa 2.4 million years ago which has been estimated from evidence found in Ethiopia. From this and other evidence collected over decades it has been found that Africa is definitely the home of the first Homo. (Jurmain et al, 2005) From this point on, ideas start to fly in all directions. How did this Homo develop into the modern human we have today, the Homo sapiens sapiens?
Multiregional Evolution is a theory developed by Milford H. Wolpoff, who argues 2 million years ago, the early Homo migrated across land into different regions of the world, and then separately over time evolved into the Homo sapiens sapiens. The idea is that every species of Homo evolved relatively at the same time, with each group choosing practically the same traits to make us into the human we are today. (Wolpoff, 1999)
The opposing theory is Complete Replacement, also known as, “Out of Africa 2”, “Eve theory”, or “Recent African Evolution”. This theory suggest that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved only in Africa 200,000 years ago. They then migrated out of Africa and moved into regions of the world and eventually replaced any of the Homo inhabitants they encountered. (Lewin, 1987) These two theories are debated time after time and both have compelling arguments. Lets first take a look at the Multiregional Evolution theory by Wolpoff.
In an article, The multiregional evolution of humans, published in the July 2003 issue of Scientific America, Wolpoff and collaborator Alan Thorne, say that the evolution to modern human began 2 million years ago when the first Homo started to leave Africa. They settled and “through an interconnected web of ancient lineages in which the genetic contributions to all living peoples varied regionally and temporally”. (Thorne & Wolpoff, 2003) They continue to say this was very much like today’s society where people from different regions still exhibit traits from those regions even though interbreeding and large movement takes place. Wolpoff explains from his book, Paleoanthropology, that 2 million years ago, Homo continued to evolve and the modern features we see today all occurred at different times. Each of these traits later spread through genetic exchanges as they were the most advantageous. (1999) These advantageous traits can be easily addressed to Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest. (Darwin, 1859) These fittest traits continued to spread successfully through populations that came in contact with other groups. This contact sometimes brought an intermixing of groups, but other times brought a complete population replacement. Modern human features also started to commonly appear as each population responded to changes within their own society. Wolpoff sees these changes as similar but sometimes very different. (Wolpoff, 1999) Over time these traits would have evolved into Homo sapiens sapiens, as this large diversity of modern traits appeared in different regions around the world.
Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around 150,000 years ago. The modern human, known as Homo sapiens sapiens, is a sub species of the original Home sapiens. We are constantly thinking about our origins. Where are we from? How did we develop into the most common species on the planet? Paleoanthropologists have all sorts of theories for every aspect of our origins, including where are the first modern humans from? There are two major theories to answer this question, the first is Multiregional Evolution, and the second is Complete Replacement.
The first Homo arose from the continent of Africa 2.4 million years ago which has been estimated from evidence found in Ethiopia. From this and other evidence collected over decades it has been found that Africa is definitely the home of the first Homo. (Jurmain et al, 2005) From this point on, ideas start to fly in all directions. How did this Homo develop into the modern human we have today, the Homo sapiens sapiens?
Multiregional Evolution is a theory developed by Milford H. Wolpoff, who argues 2 million years ago, the early Homo migrated across land into different regions of the world, and then separately over time evolved into the Homo sapiens sapiens. The idea is that every species of Homo evolved relatively at the same time, with each group choosing practically the same traits to make us into the human we are today. (Wolpoff, 1999)
The opposing theory is Complete Replacement, also known as, “Out of Africa 2”, “Eve theory”, or “Recent African Evolution”. This theory suggest that Homo sapiens sapiens evolved only in Africa 200,000 years ago. They then migrated out of Africa and moved into regions of the world and eventually replaced any of the Homo inhabitants they encountered. (Lewin, 1987) These two theories are debated time after time and both have compelling arguments. Lets first take a look at the Multiregional Evolution theory by Wolpoff.
In an article, The multiregional evolution of humans, published in the July 2003 issue of Scientific America, Wolpoff and collaborator Alan Thorne, say that the evolution to modern human began 2 million years ago when the first Homo started to leave Africa. They settled and “through an interconnected web of ancient lineages in which the genetic contributions to all living peoples varied regionally and temporally”. (Thorne & Wolpoff, 2003) They continue to say this was very much like today’s society where people from different regions still exhibit traits from those regions even though interbreeding and large movement takes place. Wolpoff explains from his book, Paleoanthropology, that 2 million years ago, Homo continued to evolve and the modern features we see today all occurred at different times. Each of these traits later spread through genetic exchanges as they were the most advantageous. (1999) These advantageous traits can be easily addressed to Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest. (Darwin, 1859) These fittest traits continued to spread successfully through populations that came in contact with other groups. This contact sometimes brought an intermixing of groups, but other times brought a complete population replacement. Modern human features also started to commonly appear as each population responded to changes within their own society. Wolpoff sees these changes as similar but sometimes very different. (Wolpoff, 1999) Over time these traits would have evolved into Homo sapiens sapiens, as this large diversity of modern traits appeared in different regions around the world.
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