how do cows reproduce???
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a heard of 25 cows need only one good bull a good breeding animal . the other males in the heard must be castrated ......
they can't fertilize the cows .....
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The breeding program may use either artificial insemination (AI) or natural service. AI has been commercially available for >60 yr; it is widely used in dairy cattle but is used much less in beef cattle because of handling and labor costs. AI offers a selection of bulls with known genetic potential, such as measured by estimated breeding values (EBVs) for traits such as ease of calving or growth rates. When nutrition and heat detection are properly managed, satisfactory results are obtained. Failure to detect estrus is the major reason for unsuccessful AI. When cows are properly inseminated with good-quality semen at the proper time, 50%–60% may conceive on first service, the same percentage on second service.
Embryo transfer (see Embryo Transfer in Farm Animals) is frequently used to increase the number of progeny from the most valuable beef and dairy cows. Sexing of semen has been adapted to commercial field usage and is increasingly used. Sexing of embryos is becoming more readily available and practical for field usage, and some cloning techniques are emerging in availability.
Heifers should be bred according to size and age at puberty; at first breeding they should be 65%–70% of their projected mature body weight, with dairy heifers achieving >125 cm withers height at this stage. Selection of bulls to be used for natural service should be based on likely size of the calf at birth; the bull’s own birth weight (not his adult weight) is a useful guide, but genetic proofs such as EBVs are vital.
Heat synchronization of heifers and cows is possible, but such programs depend on adequate management and cooperation. Also, sufficient skilled labor to breed and assist during calving is essential.
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