Question

how do longitudinal and latitudinal locations influence the duration of day and night and time in india?

Answer 1

It is not the latitudinal location that influences time differences, but the longitudinal location. Greenwich in the UK is at 0 degree longitude. If you go eastwards, you go ahead in time and if you go westwards, you go behind in time.

Time changes by 4 minutes for every 1 degree. Going by this, India could have various time zones. So as to avoid confusion, India chose the India Standard Time as the actual time at 82.5 degrees, which is where Allahabad is situated.  If you multiply 82.5 by 4, you get 330 minutes. In other words, India is 5 and a half hours ahead of the GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).  

The duration of day and night simply depends on the season. Since the Earth is tilted just a little, during summers say in the Northern Hemisphere, the northern Hemisphere will be that much closer to the Sun and therefore enjoy that much more time with the Sun.  That is why during the summer, days are longer and nights are shorter and vice versa in the winter.