How do we study human society ? Discuss in 500 words.
Answers
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Human beings is the social animals and human beings stand out as distinct species. Human beings claim man alone has a soul, has higher level of intelligence, has a speaking ability, has sociability and hence civilized from the sociological point of view this uniqueness can be attributed to the sole factors of culture. Culture includes all modes of thought and behaviour and all kinds of material or non-material achievement of man that are handed down from one generation to another through language. Study of culture involves on the study of human society. The difference between marriage and mating : legitimacy and illegitimacy; authority and dominance can be understood only with cultural interpretations. Most of the sciences of man ( the so called humanistic science ) are actually the science of culture. Man's political, economic, educational, occupational and such other activities are all influenced by culture. The social sciences are devoted to the study of mental and not physical phenomena. " From the sociological point of view the physical objects are products made possible only by transmission of principles and ideas from person to person ".
The Basic Feature of Society : Man is a social animal and he always lives in society. Human society, in comparison with societies, is unique in several respects. Some characteristics of human or animal is societies are as follows :-
Societal Needs : The societies have certain common needs which must be fulfilled. These needs which may be regarded as " Primary Needs " define the necessary conditions for the existence of any society. According to Kingsley Davis, these societal needs may be classified into four major categories. The needs for population, specialisation, solidarity and continuity.
The Need for Population : Society is composed of separate organisms without whom no society could exist. The three basic needs of the organisms are as follows :-
The need for nutrition or nourishment.
The need for protection, and
The need of reproduction
2. The need for Specialisation : Group co-operation among members pre supposes the idea of division of labour and specialisation. The degree of specialisation may differ from society to society.
3. The Need of Solidarity : Societies must guarantee some mode of contact between the members and provide for some motivation for such content. Social solidarity or cohesiveness in the group would be found.
4. The Need for Reproduction : The society or the group must be able to perpetuate its structure, and character. There must be provision for the continuity of the social system even beyond the life-span of any one individual or generation. This is possible only when there is provision for the members to reproduce their kind.
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