How do you compare the old Cinese civilization with Mughal Empire with respect to communication
Answers
Answer:
What were relations like between Qing China and Mughal India? What were their borders?
Mughal Empire (1526-1707 active, 1857 nominal) was contemporaneous not with just the Manchu (Qing) dynasty (1644-1912): it overlapped with the previous Ming dynasty (1368-1644) as well. Unlike Kublai Khan, rulers of both Ming and Manchu dynasty were isolationistic with serious middle-kingdom complexes: diplomats had to kowtow and accept Chinese emperor as superior to their own rulers. But Ming at least received foreigners to its court and learnt from Jesuit priests, etc, while Qing had even less interest.
The two empires of India and China did not seem to care for each other. Mughal emperors had given up its ambition on Central Asia a while back, so it was not concerned with Chinese campaigns in Xinjiang. And India was outside China's realm of influence. Mughals sent ambassadors to Safavid Persia and Ottoman Turkey but not to China. Similarly, Europeans had ambassadors to the Mughal empire but not to China.
Below sketch "Moghul embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656 (a rarity) is actually Mughalistan in modern Xinjiang (Home of descendants of Chengis Khan) and not Mughal empire in India according to modern scholars
However there were one possibility of close encounter between China and India if destiny had so willed:
Aurangazeb (r 1658 - 1707) campaigned against the Buddhist kingdom of Arakan ( part of modern Burma) where his rebellious brother Shah Shuja had taken refuge. This was in 1661. Interestingly at the same time, the Qing viceroy was campaigning against a Southern Ming rebel king Zhu Youlang who had taken refuge in Sagaing in Burma. So the two generals of Qing and Mughals (Wu Sangui, Mir Jumla), both tracking rebels, were at striking distance of each other in Burma. But they were in all likelihood blissfully unaware of either the existence or the significance of the other.
Aurangazeb, according to British-era historian James Talboys Wheeler, had designs on China. After Mir Jumla successfully campaigned against Assam in 1662, the emperor thought he will scale the mountains to China. Following his reverses later, Aurangazeb had to put his ambition in cold storage. Incidentally, many rulers of Delhi wanted to explore the near-mythical route to China from Assam.
Gorkha campaign against Tibet in 1788-92 was a turning point in the awareness of Qing rulers. Qianlong Emperor (r 1735-1796) ruled China as the 6th Qing emperor. Beijing came to the defense of Panchen Lama in Tibet when the Hindu Gorkhas raided Lhasa, but Mughals were, of course, too weak to intercede. Shrewdly, the East India company in Bengal also did not intervene. Campaign against the Gorkhas was highlighted as one of the Ten Great Campaigns of the Qing emperor (the only trans-Himalayan campaign by the Chinese till then). Numerous paintings celebrate Chinese success
This war is interesting as it is only then that Qing dynasty learns about India, Hindus, British in India, Badhshah in Delhi, Jagannath, Varanasi, etc. It got its good lesson in geography through the captured Gorkhas, Panchen Lama, and a Hindu envoy of Lord Cornwallis, Daljit Gir.
Qianlong emperor finally discovered "Buddhism began in Tianzhu, that is to say Enetkek; its territory is also called Hindustan"*. Tianzhu is the historical Chinese word for India while Enetkek is the Mongol/Manchu word.
Answer:
Explanation:
What did the early Chinese use to communicate with their ancestors?
The Shang people used oracle bones to communicate with ancestors and deities, who were believed to have the power to bestow fortune, disasters and guidance on the living world.