Question

how does the infection of tapeworm in man, liverfluke in grazing animals like ghost and sheep occur and what ate their preventive measures?

Answer 1

Fasciola hepatica (= Distomum hepaticum), the common liver fluke(also called the sheep liver fluke) is a flatworm belonging to the Trematodes. Its final hosts are sheep, goats, cattle and other domestic and wild mammals, including horses, dogs, cats and humans.

The common liver fluke occurs worldwide but is particularly abundant in humid regions with temperate climate where it can be endemic.

It is one of the most abundant and damaging helminth parasites of grazing ruminants (sheep, goats, cattle). In endemic regions 100% of the animals can be infected. It is particularly harmful, even fatal for sheep. Prevalence and incidence in a particular region depends strongly on ecologic and climatic conditions (e.g. habitats for intermediate hosts and wild mammals, overwintering of the parasites in the environment, etc.) and on livestock management practices (stock density, grazing patterns, etc.).